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Discussion Paragraph 1

Submitted by oringham on Wed, 03/28/2018 - 23:32

At t=0 min., the average total fluorescence intensity of NIH 3T3 cells at the surface of the cell was relatively high due to the lack of time that the endosomes had to migrate to the interior of the cell. At t= 0, transferrin had just been introduced to the cellular environment, and were only able to quickly to bind to the receptors of the cell, which rest on the cell surface. After 30 min. of incubation, cells exhibited relatively similar average total fluorescence intensities on the surface and interior, demonstrating moderate amounts of migration of endosomes to the interior of the cell. This added time allowed for the ligand bound transferrin to be internalized via clathrin coated pits to coated vesicles and migrate deeper into the cell. After 90 min. of incubation, the interior of the cell exhibits a relative higher average total intensity compared to the surface. This again is due to the added incubation time, which has allowed the previously early endosomes to acidify, releasing iron, which then brings the transferring molecules closer to the interior where sorting endosomes are found. 

Proposal PP

Submitted by mglater on Wed, 03/28/2018 - 21:28

Each of the eight teams will be assigned a location at different spots around the UMass campus. These spots are: next to the stream behind Sylvan dorms, in the woods across the street from Sylvan dorms, near the pond next to lot 44, next to the campus pond, near the water tower by the top of Orchard Hill, next to Mill River in a wooded area, next to Mill River close to the road, and in the garden outside of Franklin Dining Hall. Each team will use “Google Maps” to get the latitude and longitude of the specific spot they choose.

 

P.P

Submitted by mduque on Tue, 03/27/2018 - 19:19

Marsupials have less specialized forelimbs than eutherians and tend to specialize their hindlimbs rather than their forelimbs. Recent studies have suggested the presence of a marsupial forelimb complex. This complex forms a constraint as a result of functional requirements of a metatherian newborn crawl to the teat. Because metatherian gestation is a lot shorter than eutherian gestation, immature neonate crawl to the teat limits the forelimb and limits the developmental morphology of the forelimb. This theory proposes the existence of an evolutionary constraint under the assumption that because the mammalian hindlimb is more important for propulsion than the forelimb, the forelimb should therefore exhibit a higher level of evolutionary flexibility and thus be more capable of specialization for diverse functions.

 

Crohn's disease

Submitted by sworkman on Mon, 03/26/2018 - 00:55

People with Crohn’s disease have trouble absorbing nutrients because the inflammation of the intestine makes it difficult for the organ to digest and absorb the nutrients from food. The patients low levels of sodium and potassium due to the lack of absorption could be what is causing her diminished sense of touch. Your nerves need a certain amount of potassium to control their function along with muscle function. Potassium and sodium help your nerves send electrical signals, via the sodium potassium pump, that are necessary for nervous system function. The patient's abnormal amounts of the two is causing irregular nerve function that is affecting her sense of touch and causing numbness.

 

Dissection of Floral Pollination Syndromes in Petunia PP

Submitted by crmckenzie on Sat, 03/24/2018 - 21:46

I skimmed a scientific paper from genetic.org titled "Dissection of Floral Pollination Syndromes in Petunia". This paper discusses animal-mediated pollination and how it is important for the reproductive ways of many flowering plants. Many of the pollination systems studied in the paper display complex traits and are convergent, meaning that they evolved separately but share many of the same structural features. This paper focuses on the genus Petunia and describes the complex syndromes for P. axillaris, the nocturnal hawkmoth, and P. integrifolia, dirunal bees. Differences in petal color, corolla shape, reproductive organ morphology, amount of nectar, and scent were studied. The pollination syndromes were split into phenotypic and genetic components during the study and several differences were spotted including cell-growth and cell-division patterns in the basal third of the petals, longer ventral stamens, nectar production and metabolism, and enzymatic differentiation in the phenylpropanoid pathway. P. hybrids was studied and one to five traits that could be measured quantitively were identified for a syndrome component. Stamen elongation and nectar volume had large allelic differences. All of this data can provide valuable information for understanding floral syndromes.
 

Deep-sea Angler

Submitted by malberigi on Sat, 03/24/2018 - 16:22

An organism that inhabits the deep ocean that has many adaptations for its extreme environment is the deep-sea angler, Melanocoetus johnson.  Females are much larger than males and have a bioluminescent stalk between their eyes.  They use this stalk to attract baitfish to a sharp set protruding teeth.  The male deep-sea anglers are much smaller than the females and his main purpose is to locate a female.  The males have highly sensitive nostrils they use to sniff out their mate in the complete darkness at 2.3km beneath the surface.  One a female is located, the male angler attaches himself to the underside of the female with his teeth and remains there as a parasite.  He feeds from the female until he is needed to fertilize eggs.  These fish only have to mate once in their lives because the male becomes physically part of the female and will fertilize all of her future eggs.

Embryonic Stem Cell Research Pt. 4

Submitted by mkomtangi on Fri, 03/23/2018 - 13:51

The next step towards alleviating, or attempting to alleviate the controversy of embryonic stem cell research is to communicate much more strongly the steps toward developing the research; from obtaining the embryos, how the testing is implemented, and what occurs after. Evidently the opinions of morality and ethics towards embryonic stem cell research will not change rapidly or even at all, but if there is a better understanding of what is being down then there will be less opposition towards furthering research and study. This new form of communication could occur more through public talks, books, web blogs, journals, brochures, and through social media. Progress can be made in medical world with embryonic stem cell research, while still respecting various opinions and ideals. Communication is key.

 

Michelle Facette Papers

Submitted by mparkllan on Fri, 03/23/2018 - 13:15

Michelle Facette received her Ph.D. in biological sciences from Stanford University in 2008 and now works in the Department of Biology at the University of New Mexico. I attended her  guest lecture on the fifteenth of February and she summarized some of her work with stomata, cell differentiation, and other developmental aspects of Maize in a concise and understandable way. While she has helped author many papers I believe the majority of the concepts discussed at this job talk came from a few papers that cite her as an author published in 2012, 2013, and 2015. These papers titled: Division Polarity in Developing Stomata, Parallel Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Analyses of successive Stages of Maize Leaf Development, and The SCAR/WAVE complex polarizes PAN receptors and promotes division asymmetry in maize, all use maize as a model organism to look at intracellular and intercellular chemical cues,  as well as other aspects of leaf development.

P.P Human Physiology

Submitted by mduque on Fri, 03/23/2018 - 12:57

The three basic principles of circulatory function are the following: blood flow to each tissue is controlled in relation to tissue need, cardiac output is controlled by the sum of all tissue flows, and arterial pressure regulation is independent of local blood flow control or cardiac output. In aortic valve stenosis, the diameter of the aortic valve opening is reduced significantly, and the aortic pressure pulse is decreased because of diminished blood flow outward through the stenoic valve. This is directly related to a problem with delayed compliance. In normal vessels an increase in volume first shows an increase in pressure, then delayed stretching due to the vessel's distensibility causes the pressure to return back to normal pressures. If this delayed stretching is disturbed, pressure control will diminish and blood flow will be greatly affected. 

Synapse Conclusion Para

Submitted by nchenda on Fri, 03/23/2018 - 12:47

The conclusions of this study include the nucleus accumbens’ ability to have its dopamine-producing neurons release dopamine and glutamate at the same time into synapses. This can mean that the nucleus accumbens has an increased ability when responding to stimuli that are significantly driven and motivated. Dopamine neurons being able to release glutamate along with dopamine can mean that they express something similar to a VGLUT2 that allows glutamate to be packaged into synaptic and secretory vesicles. This shows that glutamate does not need the light-stimulation release of dopamine. Glutamate just gets released by dopamine neurons themselves. Despite this happening in the nucleus accumbens, it is not the same for the dorsal striatum. This shows that VGLUT2 is still needed for glutamate to be gathered into synaptic vesicles in order to be released into synaptic terminals containing dopamine. As of now, the nucleus accumbens is the only exception because it does not need VGLUT2 to release glutamate. The conclusions for the most part follow logically from the design and results. Just because VGLUT2 is not needed in the nucleus accumbens does not mean dopamine itself can release glutamate with it. There could be a different factor besides the VGLUT2 and the dopamine that could be causing the glutamate release.

 

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