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M.A. Warren discusses in “Postscript on Infanticide” her view on infanticide in response to criticism received from her paper “On the moral and legal status of abortion”. Critics argue that through Warrens view that a newborn is not significantly more person-like than an advanced fetus, and that because she believes abortion of an advanced fetus to be permissible, that her argument thus argues for infanticide to be permissible. Warren argues that only people have a full-fledged right to life, and that only people can be murdered. Furthermore, Warren argues that a newborn does not meet the criteria to be considered a person, and thus killing them should not be considered murder.

Movement speed is one of two key components of driving, with the other being reaction time. Numerous studies show that the result of normal aging is a decrease in reaction time. One study found that when presented with a situation in which multiple variables were to be accounted for, elderly people consistently took longer than 2 seconds to respond. Another point proven by studies is that elderly people are at risk of many different conditions that lead to visual impairment, such as cataracts and Diabetic Retinopathy. These statistics aren’t just something that “would likely” lead to more accidents, they are proven to lead to more accidents. Older drivers have more accidents per mile driven than any other age group.

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia is a form of cancer that starts in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow, or hematological stem cells, and invades the blood. The disease was first recognized in 1845 when it was shown that CML was a blood cell disease characterized by excessive white blood cell accumulation. However, a molecular understanding of the cause of CML was not determined until 1960. Using high-resolution karyotyping and chromosome banding, it was determined that the disease was caused by a reciprocal translocation between the tips of the long arms of chromosome 9 and 22. It was later determined that this reciprocal translocation event led to the fusion of the c-ABL gene and the BCR gene, creating a chimeric BCR-ABL protein product.

Cyclohexene was confirmed in the product via two chemical tests using bromine in dichloromethane and potassium permanganate.  In the bromine test, the reddish-orange bromine would change to colorless in the presence of an alkene, which was the result observed.  When the potassium permanganate was added it changed from purple to colorless with a dark brown precipitate of manganese dioxide, which indicated the presence of an alkene.  These tests were also performed on an alkene.  The bromine test resulted in a reddish-orange color because bromine does not react with alkanes.  The potassium permanganate test resulted in a purple color because there was no interaction with the alkane.  The infrared spectroscopy (IR) analysis showed two distinct peaks.  One peak at 3022.45 cm^-1 corresponds to sp²-hybridized carbons within the cyclohexane.  The second peak at 2912.51 cm^-1 corresponds to sp³-hybridized carbons within the cyclohexene.  According to the gas chromatography (GC) analysis there is only one lower point material at a retention time of 0.435 that contains 100% of the area indicating the product of cyclohexene is pure.  The amount of cyclohexanol still present in the product is insignificant since it did not appear in the GC analysis. Using a high-boiling component, such as toluene, to continue the distillation and eliminating more water from the product would result in higher present yield and more purity with the obtained product.

The authors studied microsatellite loci in the Afognak population and compared them to the parent population. Microsatellites were used because they have a high degree of polymorphism. Tissue samples of elk from Afognak island and Olympic Peninsula were conducted. The Olympic Peninsula is where the elk that were introduced to Afognak island originated from. DNA extraction, amplification and genotyping took place, fifteen specific microsatellites were chosen to represent the elk genome. The authors found that the two populations of Elk differed in both allele and genotype frequencies. Specifically 10 of 15 allele frequencies differed, and 11 of 15 genotype frequencies differed.  One specific loci exhibited excess heterozygosity in Afognak. Another loci exhibited a deficit in heterozygosity in the Olympic population. The inbreeding coefficient for the Afognak population was 0.019, and -0.006 for the founder population. Surprisingly, a genetic bottleneck in the Afognak population was not found.“Despite the demographic bottleneck, no evidence of a genetic bottleneck in the Afognak population was detected using a test for heterozygosity excess or mode shift of allele frequencies.”

With the addition of heat, cyclohexanol was catalyzed by 85% phosphoric acid using fractional distillation and gas chromatography. IR spectra and chemical tests of bromine in dichloromethane and potassium permanganate were then performed on the product to identify it. After the tests, it was concluded that it was cyclohexene, which was obtained at a 28.48% yield. The characterization methods used in this experiment were gas chromatography, IR spectra, and chemical tests of bromine in dichloromethane and potassium permanganate. The gas chromatography provides analysis and evidence of the purity of the cyclohexene in the obtained product. Since there was only one peak, only one product, 100% pure cyclohexene, was formed. Both results from the chemical tests conducted indicated the presence of an alkene. The first chemical test of bromine in dichloromethane yielded a colorless substance. The second chemical test of potassium permanganate yielded a brownish precipitate that eventually became clear. The color changes found in both test were a cause of the chemicals interacting with an alkene functional group, suggesting that the product is most likely cyclohexene.

As many know, reaction time is a measure of how quickly an animal can react to a stimulus, this involves the time that your brain can process and take action. Three main stimulouses are visual, auditory, and tactile, tactile being a physical contact. The quickest reaction time of the three usually being tactile. A tactile stimulus this is the fastest is because we have many sensors all throughout our body which enable us to react faster when we receive a stimulus compared to auditory and visual which both require more processing done by the brain. An examply of this is when we place our hand on a hot stove and almost immediately rectract our hand before serious damage can be done. A tactile stimulant moves through the nerve at about 390 feet per second which is the reason why we are able to respond in such little time. Visual and auditory stimulous has a larger processing time than tactile because for each, you first need to recieve the stimulus and then the information has to be processed by the brain and differentiate between a danger stimulus or a regular stimulus. Reaction time is also influenced by many factors. Sleep could impact the reaction time of an individual. If an individual is not getting enough, their reaction time will decrease because their body is lacking awareness and energy needed for the reaction time. In contrast, stimulants such as caffeine or drugs that increase your alertness or heart rate will have the opposite of lack of sleep. These will increase your reaction time because it increases your alertness which makes you more susceptible to processing stimulus faster.

In this lab, cyclohexanol was distilled with a phosphoric acid catalyst, giving a 35.9 % yield of cyclohexene. After the putting the test sample of my product in the gas chamber (GC), the result should that the product obtained was in fact cyclohexene. The standard GC graph shows a retention time at 0.205. The GC graph obtained from the cyclohexene product showed a retention time of 0.175, which is not much different than the standard. The IR analysis showed the results have a major dip between 3200 and 2800 l/cm. The standard IR analysis shows a dip from 3061.03 to 2837.29 l/cm. The results obtained are a clear indicator that the product was cyclohexene. There is a dip at 1635.00 l/cm indicates that there is a double bond in the product. Since there is lack of a dip between 3400 to 3200, which would indicate alcohol is present, my product does not contain alcohol. After these two methods of analysis, the results can confirm that the product was indeed cyclohexene.

DNA extraction is a process used in many laboratory settings. It involves the purification of DNA from a sample using a combination of chemical and physical methods. The purpose of DNA extraction is to obtain DNA in a relatively purified form. Once the purifed form is obtained it can then be analyzed using PCR or sequencing the DNA. In a DNA extraction procedure there are essential components. Theses componenets include maximizing DNA recovery, removing inhibitors, removing or inhibiting nucleases, maximizing the quality of DNA, and double strand vs. single strand (RFLP or PCR). There are a variety of commonly used DNA extraction procedures. Any method one decides to use may be sample dependent, technique dependent, cost depedndent, or analyst preference. 

Tables 1 and 2 both numerically display the results of the spectrophotometer for both the spinach and romaine lettuce chloroplasts at each time interval and for each experimental group. Figure 1 displays an absorbance versus time graph for the romaine lettuce chloroplast reactions. It is apparent that the chloroplast and light group has the highest absorbance value by the end of the 30 minutes, while chloroplast + dark has the lowest absorbance. The chloroplast + light group also had the largest slope at 0.0175 abs/min. The chloroplast + dark group maintained a very small slope, and no chloroplast had a slightly larger slope. Figure two displays an absorbance versus time graph for spinach chloroplast reactions for all experimental groups. The chloroplast + dark group appears to have the highest absorbance at the end of 30 minutes, while no chloroplast has the lowest. Chloroplast + light appear to have a negative slope, at -0.0073 abs/min.