Drafts

Right before operation, the patients also need to have a score of 20 or higher across four weeks before the operation. The participants also need a score of 50 or less on the Global Assessment of Functioning. Although there were criteria to exclude participation. Patients could not have another medical or psychiatric disorder. The patients could not had substance use within the past twelve months, or a suicide attempt within the last 6 months of twice within the past two years. The patients could not be pregnant during the study.  The reason that humans rather than animals were chosen for the clinical trials is because it would be very difficult to replicate in animals. The study is based on having the patients describe how they feel emotionally which cannot be reproduced in animals.

In the data gathered above Table 1 describes the amount of food vacuoles observed in 10 random Tetrahymena cells with the average of the timeslot and standard deviation of the observation. In Table 2 the same readings are represented, but the difference is that the observed Tetrahymena have been treated with 1ul of serotonin. Figure 1 is a graphical representation of the averages of  Tetrahymena food vacuoles observed within the control group at various times, with the standard deviation noted with error bars and Figure 2 is a graphical representation of the averages of Tetrahymena food vacuoles observed within the experimental groups at different times, with the standard deviation noted with error bars. In Figure 1 we see a positive slope meaning that more food vacuoles on average were seen in the Tetrahymena as time went on and we also see a small value of standard deviation meaning that the counts among the 10 randomly selected cells were similar values compared to the mean. The only exception for the pattern of small standard deviation is seen when time 15 where it jumps to 4.3 meaning that the amount of vacuoles observed varied greatly from the mean at that time. Meanwhile in Figure 2 from time 0-10 a positive slope is observed meaning that the number of food vacuoles observed is increasing and then at time 10-15 there is a negative slope meaning there was a drop in the number of food vacuoles observed from 13.7 to 10.9 vacuoles on average and lastly in time 15-20 there is a positive slope meaning that there was an increase in observed food vacuoles again from 10.9 to 13.8 vacuoles on average. In the experimental the standard deviations at each time are relatively small meaning that the number of food vacuoles observed were more or less similar to the average of the entire time group. Between the two tables and figures we see that on between 0 and 10 minutes on average there are more food vacuoles observed in the cells treated with Serotonin, but in minutes 10 to 15 there are more vacuoles observed on average in the control group. Also in all times except for 15 minutes the standard deviation of the counts were greater in the experimental group meaning that the counts gathered in the control group were more similar to the mean at 0, 5, 10 and 20 minutes.

            DNA extraction was performed with our two mutant and two wild type plants. We followed the typical DNA extraction protocol which we previously performed. Once DNA was extracted, A typical PCR protocol was set up in the PCR thermocycler. This protocol called for the first step of 95 °C for 30 seconds to allow time for the PCR tubes to be placed into the thermocycler. Step 2 was the melting step which was set to 95 °C for 15 seconds. Step three was the annealing step, which we found by subtracting ~5 °C from the lower Tm of our two primers which was 59.4 °C, so this step was set to 54.4 °C for 30 seconds. The fourth step was the extension step, which we set to 72 °C for one minute. Step five called for a GoTo step to step to, to repeat steps 2-4 for 29 times. Finally, step six was the end step. These steps were input into the thermocycler and our program was saved as “MHN” in the class folder. After the program was set up, our DNA product from extraction was quantified using Nanodrop as done in previous labs.

The respiratory system has two forms of respiration: external respiration, which is the exchanging of gases between the lungs and the bloodstream, and internal respiration, which is the exchanging of gases between the bloodstream and the body tissues. Inside the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide waste. Oxygen then binds to the hemoglobin component of the blood and is pumped into the bloodstream. The bloodstream then delivers oxygen to cells throughout the body. When the blood cells become deoxygenated, they then assist with transporting carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be released. When there is a lack of red blood cells in the body, our body isn’t able to transfer oxygen efficiently leading to many symptoms. When the brain doesn’t receive sufficient amount of oxygen, you may develop nausea, which our patient has demonstrated. Also our body cells need oxygen to produce energy. However, due to the lack of oxygen circulating in our patient’s body, their body cells are not able to produce a lot of energy, thus resulting in their symptoms of fatigue and weakness.

Upon collection of the traps, individual microslides were analyzed for density and diversity of species found using a standard microscope. The diversity of the species was calculated only by number of individual species observed, not by types of species. The density was analyzed by quantifying the number of different individual organism observed on each individual slide. This data was then organized into graphs and charts.

One end of a string was then tied around the slide, while the other end was tied around a branch. The traps were then submerged in >12 inches of water at the various locations. The first set of traps was collected after 5 days and the second set of traps was collected after 15 days.

Samples of the periphyton were collected in 3 different locations, separated by 100 m,along the Fort River in Amherst, Massachusetts. At each site, two sets of traps were put out. The traps were made of three glass microslides rubber banded together in a sandwich like fashion, and were separated by 1/2 inch cardboard cutouts.

Another example of how Persepolis’ visual style and use of imagery reinforces its themes is through its use of abstract cartoon like drawings to show how characters feel. Marjane cries on a bed and thinks to herself “ That was my last meeting with my beloved Anoosh… and so I was lost, without any bearings… what could be worse than that?”(Satrapi 71). At this point Marjane had met her uncle in prison, knowing that he would be executed before she ever gets to see him again. When thinking about her executed uncle, she imagines herself talking to God and floating in the middle of space. Scenes like this show and do not tell us how isolated and hopeless she feels and how sometimes even prayer can not make her feel better. In another scene Marjane is walking down the road with someone else and after she thinks to herself “ I saw a turquoise bracelet. It was Neda’s. Her aunt had given it to her for her fourteenth birthday… The bracelet was still attached to… I don’t know what…”(Satrapi 142). Before she realizes that someone she knows is under the rubble, she is with her friend, on a road, looking at a crumbled building. After, she is tearing up and alone in the next couple of panels, until the last one of the chapter cuts to black. These stylistic choices again do a good job of showing how alone she feels even in company.

Irony is used throughout the novel to create an interesting contrast. In one scene a family member talks about how “Ahmadi suffered the worst torture… they burned him with an iron,”(Satrapi 51) and in another Marjane explains “My mother was right to believe it was murder… when they found his body, only his head was underwater.”(Satrapi 65) Persepolis creates a sense of irony by contrasting these scenes of dark subject matter and the lighthearted visual style with the subsequent scenes of Marjane and her friends chasing another kid outside. To go from murder to running around with a fellow student because his families political activities shows just how polarizing countrywide conflicts can be. This dramatic shift in tone happens multiple times throughout the novel and draws attention to the fact that young children sometimes have to grow up in very hostile environments.

In times of conflict bystanders and revolutionaries are often both put in harm's way. Whether you flee your country, keep your head down, or actively participate in your cause, there is always a chance that you or someone close to you will get hurt. In Persepolis, an autobiographical graphic novel written by Marjane Satrapi, the audience follows the changing life of a little girl growing up in Iran during the islamic revolution.

The suffering of the innocent is a major theme of the novel, and scenes of death and imprisonment are all central to young Marjane’s life. Persepolis supports these themes in a variety of ways through the use of visual motifs, cartoon like imagery, and moments of irony that contrast the very serious topics with the relatable innocence of a young child.