Drafts

Neutrophils are involved in cellular mediating in damaging microorganisms. It damages cells and tissues of the host. It also contains properties involved in healing wounds and they make key contributions to recruiting and then activating and programming dendritic cells and macrophages. Then the adaptive immune system does its job and regulates the rate of neutrophils being produced in bone marrows. [10] Neutrophils have been studied to be involved in facilitating lung cancer metastasis. The main bone marrow derived cells  found in the metastatic niche are known as cKIT+ and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1+ ) myeloid cells. Bv8 is also present in pro-metastatic neutrophils.

To see whether TLR3 is involved in pre-metastatic niche formation, the expression of Bv8 was studied since it is involved in promoting primary tumor cell migration and invasion to the potential metastatic site [7]. Studies concluded that TLR3 inhibited had a decrease in the expression of Bv8 which means that transportation of the tumor cells was decreased as well. It also was illustrated that a protein known as fibronectin was downregulated which means that this protein involved in binding BMDCs and tumor cells in pre-metastatic niche was inhibited [7] . It has been known that bone marrow cells bring tumor cells to different sites to form metastatic sites.

The traps will be left alone for five days. On the sixth day the researchers will collect and photograph the insects from the trap to allow for identification. Once identified, the insects will be disposed of in accordance to Umass Biological Science policy.

Identification of Insects

    The collected insects will be sorted into groups of insect type. The groups are ants, spiders, larva, centipede/millipede, and other. The researchers will do their best to determine the species of at least some of the insects, and research the relation between the species found and environmental quality.

Their physical and anatomical characteristics, like many other mammals, are tightly connected to their behavior. Being in a semiarid desert environment, their primary concern is shelter from the hot sun and sand. They are able to avoid them due to their long claws, which help them burrow into the sand and lose rock during the day time when temperatures peak. Their secondary concern is food and water. Due to their large eyes and ears, they have an advantage being nocturnal, keeping hidden from prey during the day from burrowing. They hunt insects, primarily grasshoppers, who they lure with their white hair tipped tail to simulate a plant. Once within distance, they use their large claws and lengthy body to lunge towards the prey and hatch them under their claws before consuming. They are able to consume water, or dew, that accumulates on shrubs caused by the change in temperature during night and day. Their large eyes and ears are extremely sensitive which enable them to see and hear both prey and predators during the night. Being nocturnal, they sleep during the day to limit movement to keep cool, and at night they hunt and mate. These mammals are very territorial as they are solitary and do not migrate, they do not like other males in their territory and will fight them off with their claws but will allow females into their territory for food access in return will mate.

            The seemingly immortal cell line collected from unwitting donor Henrietta Lacks in 1951 has had innumerable implications in medical ethics and science.  These ‘HeLa’ cells have gained a tremendous amount of fame without any question as to their origins.  Billions of dollars and countless medications for previously untreatable diseases such as polio, leukemia, Parkinson’s, and influenza have been derived from the HeLa line, proving their significance.  Henrietta Lacks, born in 1920, was a descendent of African American slaves and their white masters, and grew up in rural Roanoke, Virginia. Henrietta, like most of her family members, worked tirelessly as a tobacco farmer starting at an early age. Over the course of her marriage to David Lacks, Henrietta bore a total of five children, one of them only four and a half months before her diagnosis of cervical cancer at Johns Hopkins Hospital.  This common diagnosis was treated with radium tube inserts and instructions for follow up visits.  During one of these follow ups, two samples were taken from Henrietta’s cervix without her permission or knowledge and were studied extensively. 

1. As the temperature goes up, the retention time of the gas is decreased. As the temperature is rising, the gas needs to find its equilibrium between the two phases one of them being mobile phase and the other being gas absorbed phase called stationary.
2. Peaks for the impure sample which in this case will be cyclohexene will be easily identified. Area would be different for concentration of impure sample and concentration of cyclohexene. The different number of peaks can help identifying how many number of impurities there are apart from cyclohexene peak.
3. Type the formal reports, do the post lab questions and do the write ups.
4. Weigh the crystals and find boiling point at the evening hours before the lab tomorrow.

Since Crohn’s disease is an autoimmune disease it can attack any system in the body including the enteric nervous system. Crohn’s disease causes inflammatory bowel syndrome which can cause excessive diarrhea and tissue injury due to gut inflammation. These symptoms are caused by prolonged hyperexcitability of enteric neurons caused by Crohn’s disease. When the gut is inflamed, there is breakdown of intestinal barrier function, abnormal secretion, changes in the patterns of motility, and visceral sensation, which contribute to symptoms like diarrhea, cramping, and pain. Enteric ganglia are what control all functions of the stomach and GI tract. Enteric ganglia are organized into two major ganglionated plexuses: the myenteric and submucosal plexus. They contain a variety  of functionally distinct neurons, including primary afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons, synaptically linked to each other in microcircuits. Enteric neurons are known to control virtually all GI functions, including motility, secretion, blood flow, mucosal growth and aspects of the immune system. Interstitial Cells of Cajal play a major role in GI Tract function as pacemakers of smooth muscle contraction as well as stimulation of smooth muscle. This is a contributing factor to the dysmotility caused by Crohn’s disease. Secretomotor neurons also cause dysmotility by becoming hyperactive, leading to the impairment of the digestive organs. The increased activity of secretomotor neurons causes the increase in the secretion of Cl- ions, which in turn causes decreased absorption of sodium (hence the low levels of sodium ions in the blood tests of Crohn’s Disease patients).

The traps used will be a version of the pitfall trap described in Using Pitfall Traps to Monitor Insect Activity by Youngman et. al. The trap design is a cup firmly planted in a hole dug in the ground, with a second cup of the same rim width resting inside. In the interior cup, a small amount of ethanol will be placed to kill/preserve the specimens collected. Each team will set three traps at their chosen location, with each trap being at least twenty feet apart from the others.

However, despite considering infanticide to not be murder, Warren offers two reasons to explain why infanticide is not permissible in our society. First, Warren argues that just because parents do not want a newborn and would not suffer any loss if the newborn was the be killed, it is not right because there are others who would wish to adopt it. By killing the newborn, Warren argues, the potential adopters of the child are being deprived of their experience with the child and thus the act is wrong. Secondly, Warren argues that most people value infants and that they would work to preserve these children. Even if there is no one to adopt the child, the average person would be willing to pay taxes to support orphanages for the infants, rather than allow them to be killed. Warren continues by stating that if there are people who want these infants to be preserved and are willing and able to care for the infant, then it is wrong to kill them (Warren, 1).

What were the authors trying to test, and what predictions did they make?

The authors were testing the effects of two specific major barriers, a river and a road, on the endangered european wildcat. The two features represented both anthropogenic and natural landscape barriers that pose a threat to the wildcat. They predicted that if the dispersal of wildcat populations is limited by these two barriers, then the isolation would be reflected in the genome.

What, exactly, did the authors do?

    The authors investigated the genetic structure of wildcat populations separated by the Rhine River, and a major highway. Hair and tissue samples were collected over five years. Fourteen microsatellite loci were genotyped, and 188 individuals were studied. Questionnaires were also sent to forestry districts that queried regional distribution, habitat, sightings and tracks, roadkills, and behavior. Lure sticks were set up to obtain hair samples at varying distances from the highway and forest edge. Finally, DNA isolation, mitochondrial sequencing and microsatellite analysis were performed.

What did the authors find (i.e, what were their data)?

    Analysis from the program Structure showed that the individuals were likely configured into four clusters. One hybrid was found, and five individuals did not cluster into a group. Two genetic outliers were also found, and could not be assigned to a cluster. Both barriers were found to have consequences for dispersal of wildcats. However, the natural river was a strong barrier and had a greater effect than the highway. The river was a significant barrier to wildcats, but not a complete one. Evidence suggested that wildcats recently migrated across both the river and the highway. The isolation by distance was determined to be low, but significant.

How did the authors interpret their findings?

    The two genetic outliers were thought to be reintroduced wildcats from captivity. The data show that wildcats are capable of migrating across both the river and the highway. However, the structures are still capable of effectively isolating the populations, as migration is low. Wildcats are thought to have low dispersal, therefore increasing connectivity between their habitat is crucial for conservation of the species. The natural river served as a larger barrier to dispersal