Drafts

Next, fill a 50 mL beaker with ice up to about 30 mL line. Then add the mixture over the ice, and rinse the round bottomed flask twice with 1 mL of ice cold water to help transfer any product left behind. Stir the mixture in the beaker until only 10% of ice is left. The product is then collected through a vacuum filtration and rinsed with ice water. Let dry under suction for at least 25 minutes. After 25 minutes, use a small amount to run a TLC analysis. After at least one night left to dry measure the melting point and percent yield. The melting point was 31- 33^oC and the percent yield was 13.6%.

In a 10 mL round bottomed flask add 0.064 g of NaOH, 0.20 g of 2-naphthyl, and boiling stones. Then add 3 ml of absolute ethanol to the round bottomed flask and attach to the air condenser. Reflux the mixture by hovering the flask over the sand bath until there are no longer any solids and continue for 25 minutes. After the 25 minutes, cool the mixture for 3 minutes. After the 3 minutes, add 0.2 mL of n-butyl iodide through the top of the air condenser and then reflux the mixture for an hour. Cool water in an ice bath for the last 10 minutes of the reflux.

After the eight groups have been organized, each will be assigned a variable to be investigated. Once they get their variable, they will plan out locations where they will be able study different degrees of the that variable. When they get to the area where they will be studying, they will mark out a one square meter area to be sampled. They will then scan the marked area, looking for different species of grass, weed, or flower, and record the species richness. After they study an area with one form of their variable, they will go on to study another area with a different form of their variable. For example, after a group finds the species richness of an area of high pedestrian traffic, they will go study an area with low pedestrian traffic. Using the data from these two areas, the group will be able to compare and analyze whether their variable has an effect on species richness. Once all of the groups are done, they can all compare their results to figure out which variable has the most significant impact on the plants.

The species of grasses and weeds that inhabit the ground and turf people walk on often go by unnoticed. In this experiment, we propose to study the diversity and richness of these species and figure out what variables play a major role in changing the diversity and richness. In order for the project to be compliant with eight different groups collecting data, we came up with eight different variables. These variables include: soil pH, amounts of sunlight, amounts of foot traffic and nearby vehicular traffic, and elevation in relation to water runoff. In addition to that, other variables groups could study are: frequency the area is mowed, how recently the grass was planted, and the grass’s proximity to a body of water.

Henrietta Lacks was a thirty-one year old African-American woman who died of complications due to cervical cancer and the treatment she received. Not too many people know of her story or even her name, but in the science community she is best known as HeLa, the immortal cell line. HeLa cells were the first ever human immortal cell line to divide infinitely, it has been used in many medical advancements and achievements such as; helping to develop drugs to treat herpes, leukemia, influenza, hemophilia, and Parkinson’s disease and the cells have been used to study sexually transmitted diseases, gene mapping and sequencing, somatic cell fusion, and cloning. HeLa cells are still being used till this very day all over the world as the cells are still dividing effortlessly.

What were the authors trying to test, and what predictions did they make?

    The authors were studying the geographically isolated Scandinavian population of grey wolves. This population was founded by only two individuals and recovered by the arrival by addition of a single immigrant. The original population suffered from inbreeding depression. The addition of an immigrant granted new genetic variation and allowed the population to thrive.

What, exactly, did the authors do?

    The authors collected tissue and blood samples from Scandinavian wolves and wolves from Finland and northwest Russia. DNA was extracted and analyzed. Twelve microsatellite markers were chosen to examine. The relationships between individuals was analyzed using Kinship.

What did the authors find (i.e, what were their data)?

    The authors found that “ Scandinavian wolves are highly differentiated both from the neighbouring eastern population and from historical Scandinavian wolves.” All of the wolf populations were found to be significantly differentiated. The genetic variability was significantly lower in the Scandinavian wolf population than other populations. A sharp decline in heterozygosity was observed. The decrease in heterozygosity was measured at 30 % per generation which matches the estimate. The addition of a new immigrant to the population increased mean heterozygosity from 0.49 to 0.62.

How did the authors interpret their findings?

    The sharp decline in heterozygosity was thought to be due to inbreeding, The expected loss of heterozygosity for a population of two individuals would be 25% per year. The observed value was 30%, which is relatively close. However the formula is likely not accurate in such small populations. As expected, the addition of the new immigrant and new alleles increased heterozygosity.

Gianna Jensen is a young woman who has gained attention around the world for her inspiring story of living life as an abortion survivor. Jensen was born two months premature after her failed abortion; weight only 2.5lbs. She spent the first few months of her life in the hospital and then entered the foster system. The failed abortion resulted in Jensen being diagnosed with cerebral palsy and doctors who cared for her said she would never be able to even lift her head. Jensen refused this prognosis and by three years old was able to walk. As an adult she defied the odds further by running marathons.

Atropine would enter the synaptic cleft and bind to the receptors that usually bind to ACh. This means the atropine is acting as a competitive inhibitor. This function can work as an antidote because instead of ACh continuously binding to the receptors unable to be removed from circulation, atropine would bind to some of the receptors, making ACh unable to bind. When atropine is bound to the receptor it doesn’t elicit a response so the unwanted response is unable to be triggered by the ACh.

            With a new retrovirus killing domestic dogs at significant speeds leading to extinction within a few months, and with only enough vaccine to save one pregnant mother and her puppies, it is essential that we deliver this vaccination to a pregnant Doberman pinscher. The main reason being that it contains the DNA of many other breeds such as the Rottweiler, German Shorthaired Pointer, Weimaraner, Manchester Terrior, Beauceron, Great Dane, Black and Tan Terrior, and Greyhound. This being said with advancements in technologies and cloning capabilities in the process, we can extract the specific DNA for those dogs and potentially give rise to those breeds once again.

Dobermans are extremely noble dogs and are perfect for those who want a gentle dog and have a newborn to those who want a fierce dog to go hunting with. They have been used in war time in the front line with soldiers and have countless records of protecting and alerting their soldiers and even giving life to defend their soldiers, receiving honorable metals posthumously. This was seen during World War II in 1944 during the Battle of Guam when Kurt, the Doberman, warned his soldiers of enemy troops in the area and soon after was killed by a grenade, saving 25 other Marines. He became the first of 25 canines to be buried in the War Dog Cemetery, as well as a statue of him was erected in the cemetery with the 24 other dogs on it.  

Most importantly, Dobermans are extremely smart, and according to Canine Psychologists, they are the fifth most intelligent dogs in the world. It is extremely important to have one of the top intelligent breeds as we can use them for many purposes and can generate an increase efficiency in society and other parts of our social and economic structure.

How do individual OSNs that express a single type of odorant receptor (OR) converge onto the same glomerulus in the OB
- odor info is detected by ~1000 different olfactory epithelial ORs and this is topographically represented by the ~1000 pairs of glomeruli in each OB
HOW is this target precision achieved??
Mouse
- ~1000 functional OR genes in the mouse, comprising 4% of all protein-coding genes in the genome, are dedicated to olfaction
- largest multigene family in mouse
- OR genes are clustered at ~50 different loci that are scattered among most of the chromosomes
- “one neuron – one receptor” rule = one allele (paternal or paternal) per neuron
- the OR gene choise in mouse appears to be stoachastic (one allele)
HOW is it that a single OR gene is chosen and activated from a repertoire of 2000(3000)?
What kind of mechanism would be possible to maintain the expression of only a single OR gene in each OSN??, these are the possibilities:
1.) DNA recombination
2.) gene conversion
3.) regulation by a locus control region (LCR)