Drafts

The plant that was photographed was the Blc Momilani Rainbow, otherwise known as “The Gypsy”. The plant was photographed in the Vine House of the Durfee Conservatory. The conservatory was entered from the rear entrance (opposite the street). The plant was located near the middle of the left wall of the second room. The plant was photographed from a distance a few feet away so the entire plant could be captured, as well as an up close shot that captured only the flower itself.

I went to the Morrill Greenhouses from 12pm-1pm. I entered into the second collection house. I gazed through the flowers until one flower caught my eye. The flower was the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae. I decided to photograph the flower in front. The first photograph I took was of the flower with some of the leaves. This photo was obtained by have the camera at a diagonal angle to get enough detail of the leaves and flower. The next photograph I took was of the flower up close. I took this photo at an slightly less than parallel to the flower in order to get the best detail. I took two more photos with a coin in order to show the relative size, one photo was of the whole plant with a quarter, and the second one was of the flower with a coin in view. By using a collage maker from the internet I created one figure. In the figure I also put a map with filled in countries of where the flower originated. 

My goal of obtaining a flower was to find the flower that stood out to me most.  I planned to obtain the photo during mid-day because the sun would be able to shine on the flowers. I wanted to go the Morrill Greenhouses since I pass by them almost every day. The flower that accomplished the goal is the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae, commonly known as the “Snow Queen.” The vibrant color of a dark pink almost red stood out to me, so I decided to use this flower for my figure. These photos were taken at different angles in order to get the full plant and then a very detail picture of the flower itself.  In order to create a follow view of the flower, I used several photos including two with an object to show perspective of how big the flower actually is. After taking the photos, I will label each and include another figure of a map of where the flower originates. 

I first went to the Durfee Conservatory to find a plant to take a picture of. I chose to take pictures of the plant Camellia Japonica which was located in the first room upon entering the conservatory. The Camellia Japonica is a small tree, which was found on the right as i entered the conservatory. I identified the tree by finding a small label that read “Camellia Japonica” at the top of the box the tree was planted in. There were similar trees which had white flowers; the tree photographed was the first in the line and had pink flowers. Two pictures were taken; the first from about three feet away to get a full image of the tree. The second picture was taken from about three inches to get a close up of one of the tree’s flowers.

I then made a multi panel figure using inkscape. To make the figure, I used the two pictures taken at the conservatory and found a world map online. The three pictures were imported into inkscape. The first picture of the full tree was placed in the upper left corner. The close up of the flower was then placed in the right corner and the world map was placed below both of the taken pictures. On the world map, the fill option was selected to fill in Japan, Camellia Japonica’s country of origin. Next, f8 was pressed to use text boxes. To the left at the top corner of each picture, a text box was made. The full plant picture was labelled “A”, the close up labelled “B”, and the world map labelled “C”.

In the 19^th century, there was debate about the brain and how it functions. There were two different theories of how the brain worked. Camilo Golgi, best known for creating the Golgi stain, had theorized that the brain was circulatory network such as the heart and that neurons were all connected. Another scientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal believed that the brain worked via contact rather than connection. He theorized that neurites of different neurons are not continuous with each other and communicate by contact. The theory that was proposed by Ramon y Cajal would be known as the Neuron Doctrine. However, his theory was not accepted until proven much later by the electron microscope, and is now universally accepted. 

Autopolyploidy causes the offspring to be reproductively isolated from its parent species. After the formation of the tetraploid offspring the gametes that they would form would be 2n of 6 chromosomes. The parent species forms gametes with n of 3 chromosomes. The parent species and offspring species can produce an offspring with 3n, although they would be sterile because gametes would not be able to form since a chromosome would be left unmatched during meiosis. This is an example of post-zygotic reproductive isolation because the offspring would be sterile but would have been viable. 

Using Bloom’s taxonomy from Lesson 1, I believe that on the pyramid this question would be apply. I believe this because you are taking information we have been given and applying it to the question. In this problem you have been given beforehand which amino acids have been in each category, although, in this problem we are not asked to determine the amino acid shown in the picture, but to determine the category of the picture and then pick one of the listed that is also in the correct category.  In order to answer the question correctly, demonstrate your knowledge of the classifications of amino acids.                                              

Defensin genes in snakes are expressed in the pancreas and are used to fight infections, in humans, pigs and mice they are also used to fight infections. Gene is the process of generating new genetic material by copying the gene sequence. Regulatory mutations are presences of enhancer or silencers in a region of DNA that can control transcription. Coding sequence mutations are changes in the DNA sequence which leads to different proteins being synthesized. These three mechanisms helped evolve defensin genes into venomous crotamine. Gene duplication helped evolve crotamine by creating copied of defensin genes to attack different pathogens. A regulatory mutation which changed where a protein was produced was duplicated in snakes, the new protein location allowed snakes to release the defensing into the bite wounds of the prey. More mutations of the duplicated gene caused for the evolving of the defensin from attacking pathogens to attacking the prey’s muscles. Different venoms evolved from different genes from either the heart or brain. These genes went through regulatory mutations that were duplicated over and over. More mutations fine-tuned them into the venoms today.  Venom genes were seen to be in a common ancestor of all snakes. 

Metamorphosis, Greek for transformation or change in shape, describes what takes place once a caterpillar forms a chrysalis.  There are four stages to a complete metamorphosis in insects; the first being the egg, larva, pupa, and finally adult form.  When a female monarch butterfly lays her eggs she chooses a healthy leaf to do so, as the leaf then becomes food for the delevoping larva.  Monarchs, in particular, choose the milkweed plant on which to to lay their eggs, as the toxic sap from the plant translates into the caterpillars’ bodies, making them toxic as well.  The toxicity keeps predators away as the caterpillars continue to eat until body size has increased one hundred fold.  During this growth process the caterpillars also molt about four to five times to make room for more growth.  After 9 to 14 days from hatching, a caterpillar will be about 2" long and fully-grown.  The goal for a caterpillar at this stage is to be sufficiently nourished for the later formation of a chrysalis.  

In understanding the importance of the discovery of the structure of the ribosome, it is imperative to understand the groundbreaking experiments that led up to it. Prior to Avery, Macleod and McCarty’s experiment showing DNA as the transforming principle, it was widely assumed that proteins carried the hereditary information that encoded life. This was due to the fundamental understand of protein and DNA at the time. Chargaff had discovered that the composition of DNA varied from species to species, however containing only four alternating bases, DNA was seen as too simple to carry the complex information that encodes all of the information across life. Proteins on the other hand, were known as incredibly complex and variable in an infinite way. The Avery-Macleod-McCarty experiment, later repeated and verified by Hershey and Chase as well as X-ray crystallography experiments performed by Rosalind Franklin provided the clues needed for Watson and Crick to hypothesize about the structure of DNA, which was only later proven by Meselson and Stahl, who’s experiment showed the semi-conservative replication of DNA that provided a model for the successful replication and thus hereditability of DNA. In the early 1960’s, Nirenberg and Matthei were the first to crack the genetic code, using synthetic poly-uracil RNA, which showed that RNA controlled the production of specific types of proteins. Roughly 50 years later, the detailed mapping of the structure of the ribosome provided the last link to the puzzle.