Drafts

In larger protein complexes proteins are bound together encoded into precise binding interfaces. Specificity and affinity are the foundational aspects that make these binding interfaces possible. However there are stills problems that can arise within the system. Large disordered proteins are to still capable of binding to various sites along well-structures polypetides. The reasoning behind this anomoly is because of the large opposite net charge of the two proteins. Sequencing nalysis of multiple structures shows that this interaction occurs abbundantly throughout nature.

This chapter was on posters. Design the poster based on your research question, include images/visuals, and focus only on the main points from each section. It is important to remember that just like with many other visual representations (ex: advertisements, movie posters, powerpoints, etc), the poster is supposed to grab the readers attention, keep them interested and most importantly, provide a concise overview of your work in your absence. Think about all the posters hanging in the Morrill building! A poster has the same sequence format as your research paper but it doesn't include the discussion. And word count is less. They focus on the most important main parts and attempts to present them visually. When you present, you can expand further on your research and state your conclusion clearly.
"Aim for 20% text, 40% graphics and 40% blank space" (pg. 194). The abstract and conclusion are considered the most important sections of the poster therefore they shoud be placed in the correct spaces, top left and bottom right corners, respectively. It could help the audience if you number each panel, arrange the materials in columns, and maintain a consistent style. It is best to use a white or very light background and nothing too extravagant because that could be overbearing and distractive for your audience. Page 196 provides a guideline of how big (or small) our font should be on the poster. Your main objective is to edit the text youre preparing to a very concise language. As always, the title should grab your readers attention, the abstract should be short (50-100 words in this case), and omit unnecessary details in your introduction. Beacuse posters are displayed for a while after your presentation, the introduction (ad the rest of the sections on your poster) should be self-explanatory.

what is renin, it enters blood stream and cleaves the angiotenisin from the liver, to produce Ang2
ANG2 increases efferent arterioles, increases resistant to outflow of blood in the glomerulus a dn decrease resistance in afferent?
it also goes to the brain and causes you to be thirsty
ANG2 causes production of aldosterone in adrenal gland
decrease in volume = decrease in pressure = stimulation of cells in macule densa = increases enzyme that cleaves ANG to make ANG1 that goes to the lungs = ACE in the lungs converts ANG1 to ANG2 = acts on juxtaglomelular apparatus and acts on adrenal cortex to stimulate aldosterone release = act on nuclear receptors that controls expressure of Na+/K+ ATPase in these cells (pumping Na+ out of the filtrate and K+ enters)
get more hypotonic filtrate in the DCT
brings tonicity of filtrate to 50
they are the 2 hormones that work in combination to conserve water
pressure active transport of solutes, selective water permeability = how does this system work on its own
aldosterone controls pumps
vasopressin controls water permeability at the right spot at the right time

    Scientific writing is a skill all scientists must possess in order to communicate their research and findings in an effective manner. The Methods section of a scientific paper describes the process the author went through to uncover their findings and to create their figures. This project was primarily focused on the concept of replication and the ability to reproduce a figure using a peer’s Methods section. The assignment called for the creation of a multi panel figure of a plant found on the University of Massachusetts Amherst campus that included a picture of the plant, a close up of a leaf or flower, and a geographical figure indicating the plant’s natural origin. The figure created for this experiment was about the Cattleya ‘War Paint’ orchid. The figure has three panels. The first is the full picture of the plant, the second an up close picture of one of its flowers, and the third a map of its origin, which includes Mexico and several countries in Central and South America. This figure was then replicated using the Methods section below to test the clarity and effectiveness of the section.

For this assignment the primary objective was to learn about the aspects in writing and composing scientific writing entries.The methods section is an important aspect of an experiment because it illustrates to other prospering scientist what they carried out to obtain the results they desired. Every experimental procedure has an idea and hypothesis. With this hypothesis in mind there are a variety of components that go into supporting it. Their method of proof could either fail or succeed. However, the primary objective is to be as detailed as possible so that others could replicate and obtain identical results. Throughout this project we will learn of a variety of ways to gain skills in being descriptive, experimental, and innovative. A multi-panel figure was created to illustrate the plant species of our choice and it includes a detailed picture of the plant, the plant species as a whole, and a high-quality map depicting the origin of the species. 

In order to achieve an ideal picture, one must take a picture when the light is shining on the plant to portray its pigmented red color. A full picture of the species will illustrate a variety of the species. To accomplish this a few feet should be taken back from the plant to capture other species in the frame. Should be standing at an angle.  In achieving a close-up photograph of the plant, an individual must get close to the species which is about six and a half inches away. This is to capture an ideal picture and draw attention to the details that this particular species contains. In the close up and full plant photographs it will contain the surrounding green color leaves that embody it. In each photo light should reflect on the plant to complete the image. 

Fluorescent stained phalloidin was used to directly label the actin cytoskeleton of both fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) and LLC-Pk1 cells. Images of each cell type were taken at 10X and 100X magnification under a fluorescent filter, and in phase contrast. In visually examining the images, it is clear there is a stark difference in actin cytoskeleton composition for each cell type. Figures 3B and 4B demonstrate the actin cytoskeleton of LLC-Pk1 cells as a localized group of filaments around the nucleus and more compact. Figures 3D and 4D depict the cytoskeleton of NIH 3T3 cells under fluorescence, which appear to extend away from the nucleus and are less compact. 

Images of pig kidney epithelial (LLC-Pk1) cells that were treated with both primary (anti-tubulin) and secondary (goat anti-rat FITC) antibodies for indirect immunofluorescence were taken at 10X magnification (Figure 1B & 1D) and 100X magnification (Figure 2B & 2D) under a fluorescent filter. Additional images were taken in phase contrast at 10X and 100X magnification (Figure 1A & 1C, Figure 2A & 2C, respectively). Additional LLC-Pk1 cells were treated in the absence of a primary antibody, (with buffer solution and secondary antibody) to create a control group for indirect immunofluorescence. These cells were imaged at 10X magnification (Figure 1C & 1D) and 100X magnification (Figure 2C & 2D) under a fluorescent filter. It can be visually discerned that there is a large difference in localization of fluorescent dye and ability to visualize tubulin structures between the two conditions. Figure 1B demonstrates a clear localization of fluorophores to the cells, specifically of tubulin structures around the nucleus. Figure 1D shows contrasting visual data, where fluorophores are seen indiscriminately binding to cellular structures as well as resting on parts of the slide that contain no cells. These differences are again highlighted, showing the direct localization of dye to microtubules, and random dying of miscellaneous cellular structures at a higher magnification in Figures 2B and 2D, respectively. Additionally, quantification of fluorescence was measured for both control and indirect immunofluorescence groups for all magnifications. It is apparent that the control group possesses a lower fluorescence intensity in localized tubulin areas than the group using the primary antibody for indirect immunofluorescence at 10X magnification (22.123, 46.028, respectively) and 100X magnification (31.249, 63.962, respectively) (Table 1).

In order to evaluate our patients, progress and if our methods of treatment are working we will be performing PET scans. This will give us an image regarding the patient’s response to the treatment and whether the tumor has progressed or not. It will give us the molecular activities within the patient. This is a great way since the patient will not be harmed and it will illustrate whether we are targeting the correct pathway or of modifications will be needed. Pet scans also have the ability to measure an individual’s blood flow, glucose, and oxygen use. This will also help us see if organs surrounded the tumor are working.  Overall, we will be obtaining molecular info with the use of nuclear medicine imaging.

I was very astonished when I first stumbled across this article. I had no idea that antibiotic resistant bacteria had a growing population in aquatic life. However, I am not surprised that is happening. Our over use of antibiotics has caused a negative cycle in the world of bacteria and medicine, the more we over-prescribe and abuse the use antibiotics, the higher the chance that bacteria will soon become resistant to it. Now we are no longer just endangering our well-being but the well-being of other creatures, I am not too entirely sure about mechanism of exposure of the bacteria to sea mammals, but I would hypothesize that would factor would be pollution and invading the habits of these mammals. Hopefully scientists will be able to find a way to reverse the effects of this problem, but this is fine example of how we need to be more cautious of our use of antibiotics and look of alternative solutions.