Drafts

From 1979 through the 1990’s the wage gap had been consistently approaching an equilibrium, however, progress has stagnated over the past 20 years and the reason for this is unclear. Current, unadjusted statistical analysis shows that the typical woman, who represents the median value, makes 0.83 cents per every dollar a typical man makes per hour worked. However, this value does not take into other factors such as industry or education and more advanced studies have shown wage gaps of 8.4% when these variables are accounted for. While these factors clearly have a significant impact in tandem, the individual contributions of these differences are subject to questioning as well. Understanding the data and dynamics of both higher education and the industries that are dominated by women are crucial to correctly interpreting why this difference exists.

World War II opened the door for women to enter the workspace due to the large number of vacated positions that were available while the males of the country were overseas. Since this initial entry, rate of employed women has been steadily increasing. However, data shows that, on average, women have not been equally compensated since 1979 at the latest and this social issue has been dubbed the “gender pay gap”. Those who support this issue claim that women have been historically paid less on the dollar compared to their male counterparts due to conscious or subconscious discrimination secondary to long standing gender roles and responsibilities. There is debate on the validity of these claims and many have questioned the analysis of the data presented; claiming that these views exclude certain variables that can account for these differences. While it is clear that there is a difference between pay, the underlying source of this disparity has not been readily identified.

Foodborne illness carries substantial health and economic consequences. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that food related illness is responsible for 600 million illness and 400,000 deaths annually. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) believes that foodborne disease affects 179 million Americans annually. Additionally, Robert Scharff, an economist for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), estimates that foodborne illness costs the US fifty to ninety billion dollars each year. This is an ongoing problem that has not been appropriately addressed and we see outbreaks every year such as the papaya salmonella instance this year and Chipotle's E.coli outbreak two years ago.

Through complementation analysis, unknown mutations within the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) adenine biosynthesis pathway were identified. Studying the ability of unknown mutant colonies to produce successful colonies with known mutants revealed the identity of the unknown mutation as either a mutation in Ade1 or Ade2. Four mutant strains were examined, two of the A mating type and two of the alpha mating type. The A type yeast produced living colonies when crossed with a known Ade2 mutant as well as the unknown alpha type mutants. The alpha mutants produced living colonies when crossed with a known Ade1 mutant as well as the unknown A type. Using complementation analysis it was determined that both unknown A mutations were in the Ade1 gene and both unknown alpha mutations were in the Ade2 gene.

I agree with you about people eventually pushing the limits with genetic modification. I'm not sure if I completely agree with doctors truly knowing what to expect with certain medicines. Sometimes there are medicines that get cheated into the system just like how certain variations of genetic modification today are being used to say, cure diseases. I'm not saying that those variations of genetic modification are being cheated into the system since they're already being used quite a bit. In a way I just think those medicines and genetic modification are similar and are already being used. Therefore, I don't think doctors completely know what to expect when it comes to certain medicines either, not to mention genetic modification.
 

I have just spotted an unusual that resembles feature of a sloth and a hedgehog. After months of examining these organisms I have compiled a serious of entries ranging from their habitat of choice and environment to their behavior, mating, communication, and eating lifestyle. They are mammals given the characteristic of the mother being able to provide lactation to the altricial young that are produced. Who are helpless on their own and depend on their mother for guidance and nutrient’s. They have learned to adapt to life above ground meaning they have stronger and longer limbs with claws that have allowed them to climb up trees and expanded their way of obtaining food. 

Brain morphogenic protein (BMP) is involved in dorsal ventral patterning in most animals and dictates gene expression.  There are two antagonistic molecules that work to determine dorsal and ventral sides of an organism.  In insects, DPP is located on the dorsal side and SOG is located on the ventral side.  In the vertebrates, the dorsal side is chordin, and the ventral side has BMP4.  In hemichordates, BMP is located on the dorsal side and anti-BMP like molecule is located on the ventral side.  It makes them initially look like an insect.  BMP is secreted from the top of the neural tube and Shh is secreted from the bottom of the neural tube (floor plate)

The results for experiment 1 were somewhat surprising. As expected, the data suggest
that different substrates did affect the survival of the guppies. However, one perplexing result is
that the vegetative substrate had the smallest average increase in spot brightness. It seems logical
that the vegetative substrate would provide ample hiding places for guppies, and thus spot
brightness would not be so ill favored due to predation. Additionally, spot brightness increased
substantially in the sandy substrate tank. This seems odd because this environment would not
provide abundant hiding places, unless guppies were to burrow under the sand. Finally, the
muddy tank had the largest increase in spot brightness. This is likely because the mud prevented
predation and allowed spot brightness to increase over time.

The results for experiment 2 were as expected, and strongly support the hypothesis. In the
experiment there were 5 various levels of predation tested. All the data show that as predation
increases, spot brightness will decrease over time. This is because the guppies with elaborate
colors are more apt to attract predators, thus high spot brightness results in a lower fitness. For
the first four levels of predation, the spot brightness still increased. However, the net increase
became smaller as predation increased. Finally, with enough predators present, the spot
brightness decreased. This is likely because the effects of predation on fitness were stronger than
those of sexual selection. Without predation, the data show that spot brightness should increase
substantially over time, due to sexual selection. Therefore, the guppies unknowing play a fitness
balancing game between higher predation and more potential mates.

For the group studying how the frequency of lawn mowing and landscaping affects the species richness, they will need to find areas in which lawns are mowed at different frequencies. In order to find this information, they will call the physical plant to find when areas on campus are mowed.

    Similar to the group studying lawn mowing and landscaping, the group studying species richness in relation to how recently the grass was planted will contact the physical plant in order to find out the ages of grass plots around campus. The group will find multiple areas of varying age in order to compare it to the species richness.

    Finally, the group studying species richness in relation to elevation and water runoff should find areas of high elevation in the Orchard Hill residential area, and then find areas of low elevation below the Orchard Hill residential area and study the species richness in the plots.

Once all of the groups are done, they can all compare their results to figure out which variable has the most significant impact on the plants.

For the group studying soil pH, they will use pH testing strips to find areas of differing pH. In order to use the strips, they will dig a small hole and fill it with water and insert the pH strip into the pool. The survey of the species will be recorded right next to where the pH is recorded.

    For the group studying richness of plants near vehicular traffic, they will find an area of grass right next to a road way, and then find an areas that are farther away from a road way. The groups will record the distance from which their areas are from a roadway.

    The group studying the effects of pedestrian traffic will survey an area for a 15 minute time block and record the amount of people that walk through the area. The quantitative flow of people will give the group a gradient for them to compare the species richness to.

    The group studying how different amounts of sunlight and shade affect the species will find areas that have certain known intervals of sunlight and shade. For example, the group will find an area that has 6 hours of light or shade, 8 hours of light or shade, and 10 hours of light or shade. The different amounts of light and shade will give the group values for them to plot the species richness against.