Drafts

It was in early June that it happened. McKenzie was sitting in vegetation by the shore of the water, observing the giant water lilies, when she realized that an anaconda was becoming dangerously close. “I panicked,” McKenzie recalls. “I had no idea what to do. I was frozen. But then, all of a sudden, a brownish-green blur flashed before my eyes. It didn’t even care that I was there,” she exclaimed. “The Snanker just jumped right in front of me and killed the anaconda immediately, swiftly dodging its head and biting it in the throat." But this creature was unlike anything she had ever seen before. As the animal devoured the giant snake, McKenzie was finally able to take in the details. It was huge, about seven feet long from nose to the tip of its tail, which was thick and muscular.

machinery produces gametes = testes
testis histoligcal picture, seminiferous tubules, each lobule has a single one of these, connected at the end, single piece
spermatogenic wave seen at different cross-sections of these STs
picture (label testis)
immature gametes but those at the bottom are sertoli cells
req’d for sperm maturation/production
dev of speratocytes into spermatids (mature towards the middle but not functional yet)
cells in the ISF
Leydig cells, have LH-receptors to make testosterones aka leydig make test in response to LH
sertoli cell has FSH-receptors, makes inhibin then NF effect that feeds on pituitary and hypo
blood testis barrier, how do the premordial germ cells get thru it
fluid in ST is different from serum (that’s how we know it is a barrier, active transport)
primary germ cells become spermatoccytes then ...

test can be converted to 2 horomes 5 alpha DHT and
reductase does this, when it is converted into this, ir can’t be reconverted, it becomes an androgen
araamotase converts testosterone to estragen
is testosterone acting via androgen that hits the androgen receptor or estrogen that hits and estrogen receptor?
androgen receptor that mediates effects of DHT
DHT is responsible for some thing in the male
test and DHT and how the receptor works
can be converted to DHT depending on the cell
test receptor is not bound to DNA, test binds to it, dissociation of HS protein and translocated to bind to DNA and regulate transcription of genes
that is why DHT and test can produce different effects, different chromatin sites = different genes and that is how they are different and are able to tell the difference

3 hypothesis on why when surround-illuminated you are releasing less Glu and you are hyperpolarizing these cells that some how leads to depolarization of cone center presynaptic terminal membrane
1.) GABA hypothesis:
center + surround = less GABA released = less inhibition becomes horizontal cells become more hyperpolarized by surround cells
so if you give exogenous GABA, it blocks depolarization, abolishes the response
not just local when you do this so it can be changing input resistance of the whole membrane (explains suppression of HC feedback sys)
2.) EPHATIC HYPOTHESIS
adding charged cations is equivalent to depolarizing charge on the inside and might inibit cahnnel opening and reducing NT release
if this is correct you would expect finding a lot of open hemi-channels (1/2 gap junctions), not found in mammals
if you block these channels, you can suppress horizontal feedback (but you don’t know if it’s affecting just local synaptic region, could effect other VG-channels)
use blocker and you don’t see block of these gap junctions
if you get rid of these channels (lacks connexin), you can reduce but not eliminate CS LH
if you knock it they can go to a different compensatory change
can contribute but not the only mechanism
3.) pH hypothesis
release protons, artifically acidify/alkanize cleft you can account for horizontal feedback, has an effect
block-it clamps pH, changes in proton release can’t change pH and block feedback
show-it, have fish express reporter of pH (GFP) you get changes in pH in predicted region
timing of pH and magnitude changes at the right time, CS illumination and place

- the LCR was first identified and characterized in Globin genes
- in the human visual system, an LCR has an important role in choosing either red or green opsin in a mutually exclusive manner
- each cone expresses only one pigment
- an LCR stochastically chooses one of the 2 promoter sites of the red-green pigment locus
- the physical interaction b/c the promoter and LCR activates the transcription
- b/c the red and green pigment genes are located on the X chromosome next to each other, this mutually exclusive acivation alone ensures monoallelic expression, you get equal # of red and green cones b/c its random, randomly interact w/ the 2 promoters
- monoallelic because it is on the X chromosome (cells randomly inactivate X), this is why males are more likely to be colorblind
- sequence comparison of the mouse and human genomes revealed a 2-kb homology (H) region far upstream of the MOR28 cluster
- negative feedback regulation ensures that one receptor-one olfactory neuron rule in mouse
- attachment of the H region to the truncated YAC constructs restored the expression of all the transgenes in the cluster
- crossed it with the transgenic that they made and found that they don’t express the same cell = its monoallelic, the LCR is intact

The average rainfall in the whole of the Amazon River Basin is about 2300 mm per year, and there are two seasons: wet season and dry season, though it is always hot and humid (Project Amazonas). The Amazon River Basin is a mixture of fresh water and salt water called brackish water and in the wet season the water levels rise drastically (The Amazon River). McKenzie was there during the months of May, June, and July, and so experienced the end of the wet season, which normally lasts from January to May, and the beginning of the dry season, which continues on until December (Wet and Dry Season). “I saw parts of the jungle floor that were once covered in water dry up and become accessible to me and many of the jungle’s species,” McKenzie explains. She states that finding fish to eat was much easier in the latter two months, and snakes and other reptiles such as the Caiman became abundant.

Engaging in physical activity for me personally was not challenging at all. Since elementary school I have always been on sports teams and enjoyed working out at the gym. Starting this activity was not a challenge for me because I have already been physically active and include physical activity in my daily schedule. Whenever I sign up for classes for the next semester, I always edit it and put in time slots when I have to go to the gym, I treat it as another class that I have to take. I am also in ROTC and have to wake up early in the morning Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays to do Physical Training which also helps me get the recommended amount of physical activity in. I’ve always had the motivation to go to the gym and get into shape, however the only variable that would cause me to not go to the gym and get physical activity is that sometimes I am way too busy to go to the gym, I genuinely think that I cannot make time for the gym with these circumstances because I wake up very early 3 times a week, before the gym opens, and have to prioritize academics over physical training. I believe this is acceptable in my case because I am very active compared to most people.

What is Sjogren's syndrome? (also known as SIcca's syndrome)
It is an autoimmune disease that affects the various organs (pancreas and the liver) and causes severe dryness in the mouth and eyes. There are various studies on this disease but scientists are still trying to figure out the genetic causes (and/or environmental). A study done in 2013 by Christopher J. Lessard looks at "variants at multiple loci implicated in both innate and adaptive immune responses are associated with Sjögren’s syndrome." The contributors to this study formed some type of database to contain all the information about the disease in one place along with the various case studies.
There are 6 figures in this study display the information of the genotyping of both controls and people that exhibit this disease. The figures show the data in various ways. Figure 1 is very neat and easy to read with minimal colors (black and white) and only pointing out the important things that stood out with some red color. Figure 2 contains 6 images of graphs that display the zoomed in data with more detail that was pointed out in red in Figure 1. Table 1 is a little difficult to read because there are no grids separating out the numbers so it is hard to distinguish the columns and rows. Figure 3 has 9 images of statistical graphs that are all the same color therefore it is not as visually appealing. I am sure that if they had to make a poster they would have made each graph different colors so they stand out more and don't all blend together. Table 2 looks just like Table 1 therefore it is also hard to read. Same thing goes for Table 3
This quick figure analysis has helped me sort out some things not to include on the final poster. Even though I am only comparing the final poster project to a paper, it still provides some insight on things that look good and things that don't

World War II opened the door for women to enter the workspace due to the large number of vacated positions that were available while the males of the country were overseas. Since this initial entry, rate of employed women has been steadily increasing. However, data shows that, on average, women have not been equally compensated since 1979 at the latest and this social issue has been dubbed the “gender pay gap”. Those who support this issue claim that women have been historically paid less on the dollar compared to their male counterparts due to conscious or subconscious discrimination secondary to long standing gender roles and responsibilities. There is debate concerning the validity of these claims and many have questioned the analysis of the data presented; claiming that these views exclude certain variables that can account for these differences. While it is clear that there is a difference between pay, the underlying source of this disparity has not been readily identified.

While a transition to a less female dominated career may help alleviate some of the educational factors regarding the pay difference there another contributing circumstance that is too dominated by the females. There is a direct association between the average age a woman rears a child and a sharp decline in their average pay (Economist) This correlation, dubbed the “motherhood cost” is multifactorial and involves insufficient maternity leave policies and underlying social expectations of child care. Women status post birth are forced to work fewer hours or interrupt their careers entirely in order to raise their children.  This responsibility and lack of flexibility can influence potential future promotions as well as interfere with potential return to the job market. Furthermore, there are social stigmas that make women apprehensive to avoid becoming a housewife or to put their children into a daycare facility to continue with their career (Economist). These issues are compounded by a contrast in the expectations revolving men both in the workplace and at home when considering child care. An increase in true co-parenting culture, better maternity and paternity policies as well as an emphasis on company empathy would help mitigate the professional damage that raising a child can do to one’s career.

hormonal cycle and ovarian cycle are related
H derived from growing follicle in ovary
growing follicle produces hormones
ovulation = the big spike in LH
estrogen v progesterone graph
thickness of uterus, needs strogen as primer and progesterone increases the endometrium of the uterus
estrogen causes synthesis of prog receptors, no estrogen = no prog
estrogen has proliferatice effect

ovarian cycle, primary follicles grow under FSH (FSH causes them to grow)
LH causes ovulation itself
LH then causes glutimization of corpus lucium that remains in the ____
corpus ludium produces prog, req’d fo ruterine lining for pregnancy,
no progesterone = corpus involutes and creates scar tissue

follicles all present at birth, set at fetal growth, grow in response to FSH
inc in granulosa cells, thecal cells
hostilogical prep of oocyte image
folliculum epithelium is the granular cell
thecal cells outside of granulosa cells (internal and external types)
thecal cells are making steroids
LH stimulates estrogen production from thecal cells
FSH stimulates granulosa cells and LH stimulates thecal cells*** to make hormone