crmckenzie's blog

Both of my German Shepherd dogs have been very intelligent and have learned how to open doors with their paws without being trained to. My current dog picks up his food bowl when he is hungry or nudges the water bowl when it’s empty. As said from My Assistance Dog Inc, “They’re also incredibly sharp, observant, courageous, trainable, and loyal, which makes them the leading choice for working dogs used by the military, police, TSA, border patrol, and other law enforcement agencies”. These institutions require serious concentration and reliability and thus these dogs are essential assets to humanity. This website also discusses how they also have  long history as guide dogs and assistant dogs to people with disabilities.

I believe that that scientists should choose to vaccinate a pregnant German Shepherd mother for several different reasons. First of all, they are intelligent and can serve as good service dogs. Second of all, they are good with the family and children. I have grown up with two different German Shepherds and can back these claims with personal experience. Because I have also grown up with Labradors, Basset Hounds, Golden Retrievers, and Yorkies, and have witnessed other German Shepherds that were not my own exhibiting these traits, I believe I am able to make this decision.

When the nucleophile displaces the iodide, the reaction between the nucleophilic 2-naphthol and electrophilic n-butyl iodide forms butyl naphthyl ether. This is an SN2 mechanism because the first reaction is between NaOH and 2-naphthol which removes the hydrogen from the alcohol group and an oxide ion is formed on the NaOH. The 2-naphthol then displaces the iodide to form butyl naphthyl ether and sodium iodide. In the procedure, the possibility of a side reaction occurring between the deprotonated ethanol is mentioned. If it were somehow possible to stop this reaction from occurring, the results and the percent yield of the ether would probably improve.

For the 60:40 hexane:EtOAC mixture, the Rf value of 2-naphthol was 0.406 and the Rf value of the product was 0.417. It can be concluded that the 60:40, hexane:EtOAC, was the best solvent mixture due to the fact that the Rf values are within the ideal Rf range of 0.3-0.7. TLC indicated that the product was pure because there were no traces of the starting material (2-naphthol). Therefore it can be concluded that the reaction was successful since the TLC plates showed no trace of other compounds in the final product of butyl naphthyl ether. In all instances the substances traveled an acceptable distance to the top and they did not smudge over each other.

In this experiment, 2-naphthol, sodium hydroxide, and ethanol were reacted via SN2 reaction and butyl naphthyl ether was obtained in 13.6% yield.  The product was identified to be ether via melting point which was measured at 32-34°C. TLC analysis was then performed to determine which components dominate the solvent mixture. For the 95:5 hexane:EtOAC mixture, the Rf value of 2-naphthol was 0.723 and the Rf value of the product was 0.702. For the 95:5 EtOAC:hexane mixture, the Rf value of 2-naphthol was 0.879 and the Rf value of the product was 0.914. For the 60:40 EtOAC:hexane mixture, the Rf value of 2-naphthol was 0.808 and the Rf value of the product was 0.787.

To a 10 mL round bottom flask sodium hydroxide (0.064 g, 1.60 mmol), 2-naphthol (0.200 g, 1.39 mmol), and a few boiling stones were added. Next, absolute ethanol (3 mL) was added and the air condenser was attached. The mixture was refluxed for 25 min while the sand bath was at 30% heat and cooled for 3 min. Then, n-butyl iodide (0.200 mL) was added to the mixture through the top of the condenser and reflux continued for 1 h. After reflux was complete, the reaction mixture was poured over ~10 g of ice in a beaker. The round bottom flask was then rinsed with cold water (2 x 1.0 mL) and this was transferred to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred with a glass rod until 95% of the ice melted and the final product (0.036 g, 13.6% yield) was collected via suction filtration after being rinsed with ice water. A small portion of the product was then analyzed using thin layer chromatography and different solvent systems of ethyl acetate and hexanes were experimented with until a decent separation between starting material and product was seen.

The gas chromatography (GC), which measures purity, confirmed that the sample was not 100% pure because there were two peaks, of 0.663 (36.74%) and 1.084 (63.25%). Had it been pure cyclohexene there would have only been one peak. The bromine and potassium permanganate chemical tests were performed to distinguish the alkenes from alkanes. When bromine in dichloromethane was added to the cyclohexene product the solution did not change color. There was, however, a color change with cyclohexane. With each drop the solution went from light orange to brown. When potassium permanganate was added to cyclohexene the solution turned dark purple and became increasingly darker with each drop. The potassium permanganate formed two layers when added to the cyclohexane with the purple layer on top and clear layer on the bottom. Once again, the percent yield recovered through this experiment was 49.9%. This value could be due to not collecting all of the drops when transferring test tubes or not leaving enough time for the solution to dry after adding the CaCl2 pellets.

In this lab cyclohexene was synthesized via E-1 elimination through the combination of cyclohexanol and phosphoric acid. It was purified via dehydration and this led to a percent yield of 49.9% . The products were identified as cyclohexene and water using infrared spectroscopy (IR) which is the analysis of infrared light interacting with a molecule and it measures absorption, emission, and reflection in a sample. The infrared spectroscopy did not produce clear peaks due to the fact that the sample was a mixture of water and cyclohexene, but the measured peaks were 3850.00, 2375.32, 1505.00, 650.50 Transmittance. This means that the water was not fully dehydrated because these numbers do not all match up with cyclohexene.

Finally, it was washed with brine (1 x 1.5 mL). After each wash, the lower layer was moved to a waste beaker. After washing, CaCl2 pellets were added to the vial until the pellets stopped clumping together. It was left for five minutes to dry and the dried product was transferred to a new vial. The final product (0.652g, 49.9%) was divided so further tests like GC, IR and bromine and potassium permanganate chemical tests could be performed. The bromine in dichloromethane (3% solution) was added one drop at a time and the color changes were observed after each drop. The same method was carried out with potassium permanganate (1% potassium permanganate and 10% sulfuric acid). Color changes were recorded after each drop.