Drafts

Comparing Gender, GPA, Hours studied per week, and hours slept per week. I think that hours studied per week and hours slept per week has to correlate with their GPA. Also, it would matter what their major is and what kind of classes they are taking because some people with high GPA might be taking easy General Education classes while some people with lower GPA might be on Pre medical track with Organic Chemistry or something hard like that. I don't think Gender really matters when it comes to GPA because it is about how well you do on your exams and classes and how much school work time you are willing to put in. There are many outliers in this data such as some kid that sleeps only 11 hours per week and some kid that studies 50 hours per week. There was also an "O" for other for gender. Highest GPA was 3.99 and lowest GPA was 1.01. Highest hours studied was 50 and lowest hours studied was 4. Most hours slept was 60 and least hours slept was 11. So as you can see there may or may not be correlations in each category.

I am currently in Statistics 240 so I have only gone over a small portion of what the class will cover. The first thing we covered in this class was how to define a sample or population, whether it be quantitative, qualitative, continuous or discrete. We also learned different ways to display such data with stem and leaf charts, scatter plots, box graphs, bar graphs pie charts or linear graphs. We learned how to calculate certain values such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance and the regression line. And the class covers how to asses these values with r values and such which show how much the model covers the real data. The last thing we learned was different ways to predict or estimate data and probability for different situations.

Still, the case in question presents a difficult ethical question as the patient is unconscious and his state is quickly deteriorating. With no identification, no legal papers confirming his end of life wishes, and no family to contact, this makes for the perfect storm in patient autonomy ethics. What if doctors were to honor his wishes based off a tattoo, only to find out those were not his true wishes. It is important to note that the patient was found just outside the hospital. But if the doctors do resuscitate the patient and it is against his wishes, are they breaking an ethical (and possibly legal) code?

Still, the case in question presents a difficult ethical question as the patient is unconscious and his state is quickly deteriorating. With no identification, no legal papers confirming his end of life wishes, and no family to contact, this makes for the perfect storm in patient autonomy ethics. What if doctors were to honor his wishes based off a tattoo, only to find out those were not his true wishes. It is important to note that the patient was found just outside the hospital. But if the doctors do resuscitate the patient and it is against his wishes, are they breaking an ethical (and possibly legal) code?

I remember a few things about my semester of intro to stats. In general we learned about certain types of analysis of data. Some key terms that pop into my mind are things like mean, average, p-value, standard deviations, and equations to relate all of the values. I also remember the tests including all of these things as well as another layer of complexity, as they would give us limited information and ask us to produce a conclusion about how likely a certain outcome is. I few other students lived on my floor so studying outside of lecture could clear up any misunderstandings I still had and I did pretty well in the class. Another thing that I remember was that our teacher wanted us to be able to apply our new skills to the real world and realize that certain interpretations of data can be misleading, like when certain claims are made on tv. The difference between correlation and causation was also discussed in a particularly funny class day, when she showed us a bunch of bogus statistics like levels of crime and levels of cheese consumption being correlated across states, meaning of course that cheese causes crime. This is most of what i remember from intro to statistics.

Species of African Cichlid fishes and their evolutionary development are the main focus of Albertson’s lab and understanding how environmental factors like types of food sources and availability can influence traits like jaws to fill different niches across different bodies of water. Craig Albertson’s lab studies aspects of evolutionary development to better understand how genotypes become morphologies. His lab follows species from embryo to maturity, documenting everything along the way. In the past Albertson’s lab has studied many aspects of species like Zebrafish and Cichlids and how their populations in various lakes and bodies of water developed such diverse characteristics. His lab includes many members at various levels of education from undergraduates to postdoctoral researchers has published papers on many topics in the field of evolutionary development, genetic and phenotypic expression, evolutionary mutant models for human disease, and morphological features of Cichlids. Studying how all of these factors come together to create large populations is vital to understanding both the origins of these species and how well they can adapt to change helps us understand how their roles in the ecosystem developed and how they will continue to change because of human interference.

just to review for my upcoming exam, hear are some notes:
There are 2 theories as to how our brain perceives sound. (the brain detects pitch!!!)
1.) Frequency theory: the frequency of auditory neural impulses corresponds to frequency of tone. lower notes vibrate at slower speeds and higher notes vibrate at higher speeds, as pitch increases, nerve impulses of the same frequency are sent to the auditory nerve
EX: a tone with a frequency of 700 Hz will produce 700 nerve impulses per second
- it is speed that determines pitch!
2.) place theory: we can hear different pitches due to sound frequencies on specific parts of the cochlear basiliar membrane, different parts of the cochlea are activated by different frequencies
EX: a sound that is 6000Hz would stimulate the spot along the membrane that passeses a characteristic frequency of 6000 Hz
- the brain detects pitch based on the position of hair cells that transmitted the neural signal

There are 2 theories as to how a "taste is encoded" by taste receptor cells
1.) Labelled-line model: each single TRC can sense all 5 tastes but it will only respond to one, they are innervated by individually tuned nerve fibers
2.) Across-fiber model: has two parts: individual taste receptor cells are tuned to multiple tastes and the same afferent fiber carries info for more than one taste OR that TRCs are tuned to single taste qualities but the same afferent fiber carries info for more than one taste

There are 3 theories/models to the mechanical gating of touch
1.) Indirect/Direct tether model
2.) membrane model
3.) secondary-messenger model

Nutrients are constantly moved between these patches, with aquatic animals being eaten by terrestrial, and terrestrial animals dying and having their nutrients being washed back into the pond. The local roads and houses affect all of these patches, with chemical runoff coming from numerous sources such as road salts and lawn fertilizers. These chemicals affect the wildlife, but the chemicals found in the fertilizers heavily affect the plants. This can mean plants that grow better, but can also lead to an overabundance of algae in the pond.

The first legal acceptance of a D.N.R. request was in 1975 after the court case In re Quinlan. Karen Quinlan, a 21-year-old girl from New Jersey had been placed into a vegetative state after a night of heavy drinking and taking tranquilizers. The parents of Karen Quinlan won the case and were allowed the ordered removal of the ventilator that was keeping her alive. Years after this case, in 1991, Congress passed the Patient Self-Determination Act which mandated that hospitals honor a patient’s wishes about their healthcare.

When testing the correlation between two different variables, one could perform a z-test. When calculating the result, a z value will be calculated. From there based on the z value, you will find the significance and relevance of the correlation. If the z value if greater than a certain value than the null hypothesis set before the test is rejected and the results are non significant. I also remember a lot about probability and how to calculate certain situations. Another set of key terms I remember is the difference between a sample and a population. A population for example is all the students at Umass Amherst. While a sample is 100 of the students attending Umass Amherst. Lastly, I remember how to read a graph, differentiate between multiple graphs, and decipher them. A graph that’s mean and tail is skewed to the left means that the graph is negatively skewed. While a graph that’s mean and tail is skewed to the right means that the graph is positively skewed.