The level one headings in both articles include the usual of Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion. In Olenin’s article, there are level 2 headings within the Introduction such as “Rate of secondary spread within the Baltic Sea”. In Knapp’s article, there are level 2 headings within the Materials and Methods such as “Species Selection.”
Each section is structured with paragraphs. The abstract summarizes the whole article including the results of the scientific study in one paragraph. The introduction introduces terminology needed in order to understand what the article will be talking about. It includes background and the question the article is looking to answer. Materials and Methods describes the procedure that was done for the study. The results report all the main findings. The discussion includes interpretation of the findings. The first paragraph in each section plays a role in introducing background needed to be known by readers in order to understand why the scientists did what they did for the studies and experiments.
There are topic sentences in the paragraphs of the articles. There are logical flows of ideas. The ideas are organized from a big picture into more detailed information in order to understand the topic and research. Once all the details are put together logically, each paragraph ends with a closing sentence to continue on to the next paragraph or section.
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