Observation: something a person notices using their senses
ex) The tent is 100 feet in length and 40 feet in width.
Inference: something a person concludes based off of an observation
ex) The tent is the kind of tent used for an outdoor event and not for camping.
I used Google Docs. I put an “A” at the top and pressed the Tab button 7 times. I put a “B.” I inserted the image of the full plant in between the A and the B leaving some space in between. I inserted the image of the close-up of the flower on the right side of the B. The size of that image was about half the length of the first image. I put a “C” to line up right under the “B.” I inserted the PNG image of the map to line up right under the second image and next to the first image with some space in between. I adjusted the pictures to line up with each other accordingly.
I searched for the native origins of Camellia Japonica online. I went on “wikimedia commons” and searched “blank world map with countries.” I chose the first map that came up. I downloaded it in large size. I downloaded Inkscape and imported the downloaded picture into Inkscape by going to “File” and “Import.” I clicked “Fill bounded areas” on the left side column and clicked on the magenta color at the bottom. I clicked on the native origins of the plant which included Japan, China, and both Koreas. I put in 1200 px for the “W” box at the top. I put -100 for the “Y” box and -800 for the “X” box. I went to “File” and clicked “Export PNG Image.” A box popped up on the right side and I clicked on “Export” that had a green check mark next to it. The image saved to my desktop and I renamed it as my username-original.png.
Finding and Capturing Pictures of the Plant
I went to Durfee Greenhouse in between 10am-4pm. I entered through the door that’s closest to the Integrative Learning Center. The plant I found was the very first plant to my right that was in a square pot. Its name is Camellia Japonica. I took a picture of the whole plant while standing in front of the entrance and diagonal to the plant. I took an up-close picture of a few flowers that were close together. These flowers had sun shining on them unlike the ones in the shade.
Figure 1. Giraffe Spots. Close-up photograph of brown spots on a giraffe in Taronga Park Zoo. Creative commons licensed image by Robyn Jay https://flic.kr/p/gthW8a.
The Neuron Doctrine resulting from Cajal's discovery took over 40 years to be confirmed. Cajal and Golgi were both awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Cajal believed that neurons communicated by contact while Golgi thought the nervous system was one contiuous network. These two ideas went against each other until the electron microscope was invented. The electron microscope allowed scientists to have a closer look at how neurons actually communicated. It was confirmed then that Cajal was right about neurons communicating by contact. The Neuron Doctrine stating that neurons are the basic unit in the network of discrete individual cells in the nervous system was validated in the 1950s.
Despite growing up in America, I had nobody in my house who knew English. I had already learned to speak my native language when I was in Cambodia. Khmer was all I spoke until I was 5 because my mom only knew Khmer. I had no access to everyday technology that could’ve helped me learn the language because we couldn’t afford those things. By the time I attended school, I had no idea what people were saying to me. I had to adapt on my own to the foreign language. I woke up everyday at daycare dreading going to school. I would cry everyday for my mom because I barely ever saw her. She was always working and I was always scared and lonely. I would constantly cry until I was so tired that I would fall asleep at school. My teacher somehow understood what I was feeling so she let me off the hook. Other teachers weren’t so understanding. They whispered things about me to each other with disgusted facial expressions. When students bullied me, I couldn’t defend myself because I didn’t know how to speak English. Somehow, I would usually get in trouble for what they did. I had to endure all this alone since I had nobody to talk to who would understand me. I somehow managed to grasp the language within half a year of starting school. I became one of the top students in reading, writing, and math by the time I got to first grade. I stayed in the top ranks throughout my schooling career. I took multiple AP classes and transferred the credits to Umass Amherst.
My grandma sponsored my mother and I here to the U.S. We had to part with my dad when I was 2. They got divorced after my mom sponsored him here because my dad felt he was being wronged by my mom. He never paid for child support and fled. That was disappointing since we were the ones to always care for him. We sent him money every month while we were separated for 7 years despite how poor we were and how much we were struggling. All my life, I’ve been raised by a single mom. She had to work hard in order to provide for my 2 sisters, myself, and my grandma. My mom says I must carry the burden of being the eldest daughter while being the first to go to college in the family. I’ve always had to translate and explain just about everything to my mom since I was young. She does not speak nor understand English well. It gets stressful at times because I would from time to time, not understand the things she’s trying to do (mortgage, insurance, taxes, financial matters, etc.). Therefore, I couldn’t understand what the people were trying to tell her in return. I had to develop people skills in order to ask others in a polite manner to help us. I had to learn how to talk to people and interact well with them. That was how my family was able to keep going with our lives, asking others for help when we needed it. They say students are scared to ask questions because they don’t want to look dumb. I guess that’s why I’m able to ask questions all the time because I’ve had to do so my whole life in order for my family to survive.
Surgeons performed direct electrical stimulation under local anesthesia on patients in order to find out where the intention of actions originated from. To start off the surgeon informed the patient that a stimulation was about to start. The surgeon counted out loud to let the patient and experimenter know the beginning and end of a stimulation. The experimenter asked the patient whether he/she felt something or whether he/she moved. Other stimulations were done to determine areas potentially responsible for movement and language. It was found that even in the absence of actual motor responses, stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex caused patients to intend to move and to report having moved. Stimulation of the premotor cortex also triggered limb and mouth movements that weren’t consciously detected by patients. As a result it was concluded that motor intention and awareness are emerging consequences of increased parietal activity before movement execution. The subjective (and potentially illusory) feeling that we are executing a movement does not arise from movement itself, but is generated by prior conscious intention and its predicted consequences.
Main Points
Where in the brain are intentions and willed actions formed?
How do we become aware of these intentions?
Stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex caused human participants to intend to move and to report having moved, even in the absence of actual motor responses.
Stimulation of the premotor cortex triggered limb and mouth movements that weren’t consciously detected by the patients
Motor intention and awareness are emerging consequences of increased parietal activity before movement execution.
The subjective (and potentially illusory) feeling that we are executing a movement does not arise from movement itself, but it is generated by prior conscious intention and its predicted consequences.
Methods
Got formal consent from informed patients (with lesions) to perform the procedure
Direct electrical stimulation under local anesthesia on patients
Surgeon informed patient that a stimulation was about to start
Surgeon counted out loud to let patient and experimenter know the onset and end of stimulation
Experimenter asked patient whether he/she felt something or moved Other stimulations were done to determine areas potentially eloquent for movement and language
Coordinates of stimulation sites were recorded
Recent comments