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Obesity is not only a problem within itself but it can cause more problems later on such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and more. Knowing that a single disease can lead to may other diseases sparked my interest as there may be a solution. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that increases a person's hunger and causes the pituitary gland to secrete a growth hormone. Blocking the receptor for ghrelin would not be a wise choice because it could also cause changes in behavior and mood. Scientists then thought about blocking the pathway of ghrelin, which led them to find the molecule YIL781. YIL781 is specifically a molecule that is released by ghrelin that causes the feeling of hunger. Therefore, ghrelin can change the intensity or probability of behaviors. Which influences the number of ghrelin being released and binding to the receptors changes throughout the day as the person eats and doesn't eat. Ghrelin would have different intensities depending on the time of day. 

Mycospondylus mesanyctus is a small nocturnal carnivore that belongs to the family Felidae and the subfamily Felinae. Standing at a height of between 15 and 20cm, with a length of 25-30cm (excluding its tails) and weighing about 1 kg, it is one of the world’s smallest wild cats. It is a digitigrade quadruped with elongated phalanges and laterally ridged paw pads that—alongside the modified ball and socket joints in its shoulders and hips, and hyper flexible ligaments that increase its range of rotational motion—enable it to climb huge trees with trunks made of smooth bark. The midnight cat has sleek blue-black fur that helps it blend into shadows, and a hairless circle in the center of its forehead: this is its “moon”, a patch of specialized bioluminescent skin cells that the midnight cat uses to lure in its prey when hunting at night. Its primary tail is framed by four highly flexible secondary tails that are packed with electroreceptors, and mushroom-like growths line the top of its body from its head to the base of its tails. It has large eyes and ears, giving Mycospondylus both excellent vision and hearing. Males and females of the species look pretty much identical, except for the “antlers” that females have on their heads in between their ears. These are not actually antlers, but are flexible tubes of muscle and skin with pheromone glands at the base. They are usually held down and tucked flat against the head and neck; females will only raise their “antlers” to signal when they are in heat.

Karyotyping is a representation of chromosomes captured at metaphase during meiosis or mitosis. When the chromosomes reach the metaphase phase, the division is halted and then the chromosomes are arranged by size into a karyotype. Several kinds of banding exists including, G-banding, Q-banding, C-banding, and R-banding. G-banding dyes heterochromatin in the chromosomes, Q-banding finds areas rich in A-T vs. G-T and dyes them to identify the homologous chromosomes. C-banding dyes centromeric heterochromatin and R-banding is the reverse of G-banding . With today’s modern technology, softwares can analyze the banding types once it is dyed and arrange them. Moreover, DNA in the nucleus are found in two forms, heterochromatin and euchromatin. Heterochromatin is tightly packed DNA material, whereas euchromatin is loosely packed chromosomes that become active during transcription. Many of these features can be visible with karyotyping method.

About 90% of the birds are monogamous. In order to choose the best fit mate must be done carefully. The quality females look for depends on the species. For example, the red-winged blackbird females will bese their choice depending on how much resource the male has in his territory. The more territory and resources the male has, the more females are attracted. On the other hand, the long-tailed widowbirds females are attracted to males that have a longer tail. The preference of usually is besed on appearance or territory for most females but some species ask for both qualities to be sufficient. Most females will stay with one male and the male will do the same. However, if the female decides that the male is not good enough, she will reproduce with a different male to increase the success in reproducing.

Biodiversity is the number of various species of organisms in a given place. Biodiversity ensures that every organism within an ecosystem has a niche in which it can thrive. Generally, the more biodiversity an area has, the more sustainable it is and the more it is able to recover from disaster. With more variation and numbers, an illness for example could infect one species but it would not severely hurt the ecosystem it is in. Lawns have become pervasive with their growing significance in human experiences. Biodiversity is also a feature that accompanies the presence of lawns because various species of flora and fauna exist in these miniature habitats. Plant diversity on lawns is impacted significantly by human disturbances like mowing and use of herbicides which are characteristic of common maintenance practices. These effects have been studied extensively in urban areas but not so much in small towns like Amherst, Massachusetts. In this study, we will investigate the role of these human disturbances here at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and around. We will start by obtaining relevant data about maintenance practices and carrying out sampling experiments in 6 selected lawns. Analysis and comparison of the obtained data will reveal if, in fact, lawn maintenance practices negatively affect plant species diversity. This will provide a framework and resources for future decision-making in terms of biodiversity conservation.

Biodiversity is the number of various species of organisms in a given place. Biodiversity ensures that every organism within an ecosystem has a niche in which it can thrive. Generally, the more biodiversity an area has, the more sustainable it is and the more it is able to recover from disaster. With more variation and numbers, an illness for example could infect one species but it would not severely hurt the ecosystem it is in. Lawns have become pervasive with their growing significance in human experiences. Biodiversity is also a feature that accompanies the presence of lawns because various species of flora and fauna exist in these miniature habitats. Plant diversity on lawns is impacted significantly by human disturbances like mowing and use of herbicides which are characteristic of common maintenance practices. These effects have been studied extensively in urban areas but not so much in small towns like Amherst, Massachusetts. In this study, we will investigate the role of these human disturbances here at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and around. We will start by obtaining relevant data about maintenance practices and carrying out sampling experiments in 6 selected lawns. Analysis and comparison of the obtained data will reveal if, in fact, lawn maintenance practices negatively affect plant species diversity. This will provide a framework and resources for future decision-making in terms of biodiversity conservation.

Although most animals in temperate forests survive the winter months by either migrating or hibernating this species does neither, like its relative the Mephitis mephitis (skunk). They remain inactive during the winter months and survive by using the fat that is stored within their bodies, they leave their dens during the summer and only leave in the winter when temperatures are above freezing. The Mephitis scandere has brown pelage that covers its body, the perfect color to help it camouflage in its environment. They have a thin white stripe on their forehead that goes down to its snout and the thin white line also runs along its dorsum.

A Type I Error is a false positive where a true null hypothesis is rejected, and a Type II Error is a false negative where a false null hypothesis is accepted. In this case, a Type II Error would conclude this pesticide does not increase cancer rates when it does, a Type I Error would conclude this pesticide does increase cancer rates when it doesn’t. We would want to minimize our risk of Type II Error because this sort of error could mislead people into thinking the pesticide is safe when it is not, and the continued use of it would increase cancer rates. A Type I Error is less important because in this case, cancer rates would not rise since the pesticide would be deemed unsafe. It may cause farmers to lose millions of dollars, but that is less expensive than the lives of people and the compounded medical costs of cancer of the country.

The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) is apart of the large mackerel shark species. The shark can be found in the surface waters of all of the major oceans. Known for their large size, females are 20ft, as opposed to males who are 11-13ft. A 2014 study stated that great white sharks can live 70 or more years. This makes the great white shark one of the longest-lived fish known to this day. The great white shark only has one natural predator, known as the killer whale. However, their altercations are extremely rare.

The cheetaur is a member of the order Carnivora, family Felidae, and genus Acinonyx. Acinonyx is a genus with only one extant member, the cheetah, and are cats that do not have retractable claws. Cheetaur is the common name for the Acinonyx equuasis. It is named similarly to the mythical centaur (half man, half horse) for its horse-like legs. Their defining features are their long legs and extremely reduced paws with one toe, hence the species name equuasis (“equus” horse). The cheetaur features a mesaxonic foot with a single toed, hairy paw and non retractable claw. The single claw is curved like a hook for better grip on prey. It’s frame is also larger than the standard cheetah. A cheetah stands at about 2.5 feet from the shoulder (Cheetah Facts, 2018). From shoulder to the ground, an adult cheetaur stands at 4 to 5 feet. With these adaptations, the cheetaur is able to run quite fast for longer. The trade offs for longer limbs and larger body mass is that it cannot reach 112 kilometers per hour (70 miles per hour) like those in its genus. It is also not able to easily sneak on prey in areas where the grass is not tall enough. To help it blend in with the grass that is tall enough for coverage, cheetaurs (both male and female) are usually a shade of yellowish brown with dark spots.