Writing in Biology

As blood enters the right side of the heart it enters the right atrium where blood is able to flow without any additional help through the atrioventricular valve and into the ventricle. Eventually the atrium contracts (becomes systole however this term is usually only applied to the ventricle) forcing the rest of the blood still present in the atria into the ventricle. Once blood has built up in the right ventricle it contracts, becoming systole while the atrioventricular valve (AV valve) closes as pressure is now greater in the ventricle than in the right atria. Once enough pressure has built up in the ventricle the semilunar, pulmonary valve opens, allowing blood to flow out of the ventricle.

As blood enters the right side of the heart it enters the right atrium where blood is able to flow without any additional help through the atrioventricular valve and into the ventricle. Eventually the atrium contracts (becomes systole however this term is usually only applied to the ventricle) forcing the rest of the blood still present in the atria into the ventricle. Once blood has built up in the right ventricle it contracts, becoming systole while the atrioventricular valve (AV valve) closes as pressure is now greater in the ventricle than in the right atria. 

As blood enters the right side of the heart it enters the right atrium where blood is able to flow without any additional help through the atrioventricular valve and into the ventricle. Eventually the atrium contracts (becomes systole however this term is usually only applied to the ventricle) forcing the rest of the blood still present in the atria into the ventricle. 

New England is home to a very specific type of storm called a nor’easter. This is a storm that develops along the east coast of the United States and reach their maximum intensity around New England and the southern parts of Canada, just north of New England. The polar jet stream transports cold arctic air south across the plains of Canada and through the U.S. then this cold air travels eat toward the Atlantic ocean. The Atlantic waters are typically mild and warm during the winter months because of the jet stream. The difference in temperature between the cold air over land and the warm air over water fuels the energy needed to produce a nor’easter (weather.gov). They usually develop in the latitudes between Georgia and New Jersey within 100 miles east or west of the Atlantic coast.  Nor’easters can occur at any point throughout the year but are most frequent and most violent from September through April (weather.gov).

Nor’easters travel north along the east coast and tend bring a lot of precipitation, usually in the form of snow due to the season in which they are most common.

Stem cells could be the key to treat autism PP

Autism is not considered a disease but a condition that affects 1% of the world population. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) that defines the Autistic spectrum disorders as a “group of conditions that is characterized by some degree of alteration of social behavior, communication and language. “ 

A recent study from Duke about Autism and the brain, who have administered stem cells to a group of children between 2 and 5 years old diagnosed with ASD and then evaluated with behavior related tests.  These cells used for this study were from the umbilical cord blood of children with ASD because the parents had opted to store preventively. This technique was done is that through intravenous, these cells are passed as if they were a serum and through the signals that send the neurons so it can generate a connection between them. This experimental treatment seeks to induce maturation, proliferation and formation of new neuron connections that allows the children’s brain to have a better change of developing. This will of course, will depend on the symptoms and the severity of the disorder. Hopefully by doing more clinical trials we can discover ways to improve treatment options. 

Stem cells could be the key to treat Autism and find more ways to maybe prevent children to have severe symptoms. Autism is not considered a disease but a condition that affects 1% of the world population. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) that defines the Autistic spectrum disorders as a “group of conditions that is characterized by some degree of alteration of social behavior, communication and language. “ 

    The METHODS project intrigued me because I haven’t done anything similar to a project like this in college. I knew this project would be a good challenge for me to write methods in a concise and effective manner. I used to think that my writing was very wordy so going into this project I knew I needed to write many drafts for these methods until I found a description that explained my process of finding a spider web in the best way. Throughout my process of writing my methods, I found that my writing ended up clearer than I thought. This showed when my peer student replicated my methods and the replicate was very close to the original. As for the actual report, I was confused as to how to write my findings in an efficient way. It was interesting to determine the distinction between observations and inferences. The practice in writing about these observations was helpful in expressing the findings about the replicate photo without being repetitive or confusing. This project was also helpful in showing how paragraphs should be split up. I never realized how big of an affect splitting up paragraphs has on the flow of scientific paper. I learned that it is important to keep alike topics in one paragraph, rather than scattering it throughout multiple paragraphs.

If the apple maggot flies preference for the apple is decreased so much that it has equal preference between the two trees, then the incipient species will begin to interbreed. This is because there is now no reason for them to not mate, the previous prezygotic barrier is now abolished. They are able to mate freely resulting with a viable offspring and no natural selectiuon against them. They will no longer remain separated, they will over time either grow into one species as they continue to interbreed, or another barrier will be formed through mutation or a behavoirial change and reinforced. This allows for the separtion back into the two trees they prefer.

In the future I would still like to improve my time management skills because I still struggle with leaving assignments and studying until last minute. I was better with this class specifically this semester, however I did find myself slacking in other courses. Not procrastinating would be a very beneficial skill to improve upon because I would find myself stressing a lot less before big assignments or in weeks that have multiple exams and due dates. I could also still better my studying techniques because test taking is still something I struggle with but I did learn a lot about what studying techniques work well for me this semester.

Part A: If the apple maggot flies preference for the apples so much that it is equal between the two trees, then the incipient species will begin to interbreed because there is now no reason for them to not mate, because the previous prezygotic barrier is now abolished.  They will no longer remain separated, they will over time either grow into one species as they continue to interbreed, or another barrier will be formed and reinforced by the apple maggots not having a preference and the hawthorne prefereing hawthorne. This allows for the separtion back into the two trees they prefer.

Part B: The two species will definitely diverge as they have a reproductive post-zygotic barrier that is causing hybrid offspring to be sterile.  This will not allow the two species to merge in the long run. This is because the hybrid offspring cannot reproduce leading to a very short lived new hybrid species that is merged from the two.  The two species with the mutations listed will diverge as they are unable to produce a viable merged hybrid off spring. If new mutations occur it could either reinforce this seperation or it could lead to a merging over a long period of time.