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Due to the presence of this nasty retrovirus, it looks like there is a grim future for domestic dogs. However, since one breed can be saved by this vaccine, that breed should be the Australian Shepherd. After owning multiple Australian Shepherds over a span of 16 years, I can tell you that that these dogs are good natured, perfect for any lifestyle, loyal, and extremely intelligent. Each of my Aussies grew into mild mannered adults who loved my family just as much as we loved them. I played a role in training each of them as well and can say without a doubt that these dogs are brilliant. After just a few weeks, you can engrain in your Aussie puppy the basic commands and they will remember them for life. My experience with Australian Shepherds isn’t uncommon; many families in my neighborhood share the same feelings towards their Aussies as well. These families often lead very different lifestyles than my own. Some have small children, others are constantly on the move, and others are very sedentary. I’ve had the pleasure of meeting all their Australian Shepherds and each of them are just as friendly and happy as my very own dog.

There were approximately thirteen observational  differences between Figure 1 and Figure 2. Beginning with the photos, in Figure 1 the top left image, or image A was taken from a straightforward shot that includes the bottom landing where the spider web was located. The original photo also includes an arrow pointing at the web. In the recreation (Figure 2) the photograph seems to be sideways, with an arrow pointing to the left side of the staircase at a location that is not where the spider web is located. The two images of the respective figures also differ in their labelling with the original photograph containing a label A that is contained in a box with black borders that appears proportional in size to the picture and does not appear stretched. In the recreation the label does not contain a black border and the letter appears to be larger than the original and stretched more horizontally.

When comparing the bottom left images of the figures, images B, differences are present. One difference is that the Figure 1 image B does not contain a URL and contains a marker on the portion of Morrill 4 where the photos were taken. In the Figure 2 image B the screenshot contains the URL of the website used to create the map and the marker appears to be placed on top of North Pleasant street. The two photos are also different due to their respective labels, with the orignal having a box that has a black outline, while the recreation has a label that has no border and that has a letter that is stretched horizontally. The images on the right side of the different figures are also different in several ways. The original figure, Figure 1, contains on its right side a image of a spider web at the base of the stairs in respect to the location described in the methods section. The photograph in Figure 1 also contains a ten dollar bill for the purpose of providing a real life scale for an observer. In Figure 2 image B, the recreation of the original figure seems to be picture of a different spider web near the location described in the methods and contains no ten dollar bill for scale. This image also appears to have a much shorter height than the image that can be found in the original figure.

Organizationally, the two figures diverge due to the height difference of the image on the right side of the figure in the recreation and the photo on the right side (Figure 1, image C) in the original figure (Figure 1). The photo in the recreation figure (Figure 2) does not extend down to the bottom edge of the images on the left side, creating a large, box-sized gap in the figure that is not present in the original figure. This creates a stark contrast, with Figure 1 being held to the shape of a structured box and the recreation maintaining an uppercase L shape.  

Picking only one dog breed to save is quite impossible as all dogs are friendly and make great pets for families all around the world. However, if I had to pick one dog breed to save it would the labrador retriever. This is the most popular dog breed according to the "Most Popular Dog Breeds List" from the American Kennel Club. Labrador retrievers have ranked number one since 2013 and are therefore an important breed to the American people. If we could only save one breed, saving the most popular breed would be a good choice because once this litter begins to repopulate and grow, the majority of Americans who lost a dog would have lost a labrador retriever, so they could be given another retriever. Although you can never replace an old dog, getting a new dog of the same breed is a good way to deal with the loss. Repopulating the dog population with the most popular dog breed would ensure the majority of people that lost a dog would be happy with getting a new dog.

Labrador retrievers are also great dogs for anyone looking for a new pet. They are gentle and are perfect for families, especially ones with young children. They are athletic and high energy so they are perfect for young people looking for a dog to play with and to go on runs. They also make great service dogs and can be trained to be emotional support dogs or service dogs for anyone with a disability. They would be able to repopulate the service dog population. Labradors also calm with age and older retrievers can make a good match for older people looking for a dog to keep them company. These dogs are not too high maintenance because they are short hair so they don't shed as much as other dogs and they are relatively clean.

Repopulating the dog population with retrievers would ensure that we have a flexible and diverse dog for anyone interested in having a dog and they also are a popular dog, so a great majority of the population would be happy having this as the new dog.

Amoeba is a single cell organism that likes to live in warm places, they were first discovered in Australia but this brain eating Amoeba is believed to have evolved in the U.S. Only this past month a man in Texas died because of a brain infection called Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Amoeba is a microorganism that can be found in lakes, ponds, and pools. The infection occurs, when the contaminated water enters the body through the nasal cavity. It is by this route that the parasite reaches the brain and destroys the brain tissue. It is estimated that only a dozen people in the world have survived the infection. Usually, an anti-parasitic drug called Miltefosine is given to treat the patients and in 2013 this medication saved two lives. The only recommendation is to keep the water out of your nose, when swimming in fresh water by covering your nose with your hands. 

I chose this paper because I am interested in evolution and long-distance migratory species like monarch butterflies are an interesting subject of study for their host-pathogen interactions. The selective pressure that the parasite imposes over the butterflies is added to the physiological cost of migration, thus setting the scenario for adaptations to overcome or tolerate the infection in order to successfully reach their wintering grounds. Although this paper focused mostly on the actual capacity of different monarch populations to reach their wintering grounds during fall migration, it did not investigate the evolutionary aspect of this phenomenon. A follow-up study could look at the genomes of populations in northern and southern latitudes, in order to see if there are genetic differences involved with overcoming the cost of parasite infection. This research could be useful for the conservation of monarch butterflies, which have been consistently declining over the past 20 years, in order to plan the introduction of resistant monarchs in declining populations.

Modern sharks, rays and skates are united under the Chondrichthyes class. All Chondrichthians have cartilaginous skeletons. The males have intromittent organs called claspers, which are derived from the pelvic fins of the fish. All fertilization occurs internally and females my be either oviparous or viviparous. All Chondrichthians have no swim bladder. Sharks in particular rely on their large pectoral fins and oily livers to maintain bouncy. This also comes with the benefit of being able to traverse a variety of depths without expanding or compressing as much as a fish with a swim bladder would. Another interesting characteristic of Chondrichthians is the presence of placoid scales, teeth like structures which produce a sand-paper like skin.

A subclass of Chondrichthyes is the Elasmobranchs, which means plated gills. This class may be further seperated into Selachians, the sharks, or Batoids, the rays and skates. Seleachians have their plated gills on the side of their head while the gills of Batoids are located ventrally. A Batoids pectoral fins will be fused to the side of the head, in place of the gills location. Rays and skates differ by their means of reproduction. A ray is viviparous, giving live birth, while a skate is oviparous and will lay eggs.

I believe that both reserves, 1 and 2, were designed equally efficient in promoting heterozygosity and conservation of population alleles. Although the two reserves differ slightly, they had similar outcomes. Reserve 1 had a lower heterozygosity than Reserve 2, yet preserved more alleles. This was due to the presence of subpopulations. The subpopulations restrict the interactions between the ferrets, decreasing the heterozygosity. The conservation of alleles was due to the subpopulation dynamic. The subpopulations decrease the negative effect of the loss of an allele on the entire population due to the sectional divisions. Reserve 2 had higher heterozygosity than Reserve 1, yet lost more alleles. This was due to the single unit design of the reserve. The single unit allowed for more ferrets to interact and breed, increasing heterozygosity. Yet, the single unit was affected more when an allele was loss, due to the lack of division in the reserve.

The “Yeast Mutation and Analysis” lab protocol served as a guideline for the first day of our Yeast Mutagenesis experiment. On day one we performed a serial dilution of ~107to ~104yeast cells using a pipette, sterile test tubes, and vortexer. From the105dilution, we pipetted 100µL onto a YED plate and repeated with a second YED plate.  We then exposed both plates to UV radiation for 5 seconds. We made a control plate that we did not expose to UV radiation and incubated all three plates for 3-5 days.  After that time, the lab professor removed them from the incubator.

I took ResEcon statistics in the Fall semester of my Sophomore year. Unfortunately, I do not remember a lot about statistics. I remember some units that the class went through, but I do not recall specific details. I remember talking about the difference between independent and dependent variables. The independent variable in an experiment does not depend on another variable, whereas the dependent variable varies according to the independent variable. We also learned about different methods of sampling. These include stratified random, simple random, cluster, and systemic sampling. Sampling techniques vary depending on the type of experiment that is performed; some sampling techniques are efficient for certain experiments depending on the size or range of the variables being tested. We also focused on graphs and statistical analysis. The ability to interpret statistical graphs is very important in biology as most of the results are displayed in graphs, scatter plots, and tables. This includes understanding how to find and interpret residuals, correlation, and linear regression. I do not remember specific detail about these concepts. We learned about how to use p value and degrees of freedom. I remember that a P value lower than .05 means that the difference between two averages is significant. The class also spent a good amount of the semester on probability. Overall, my memory of the material we learned in statistics class is hazy so reviewing the basics will be beneficial to this class.