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Huskies are a breed that is most closely related to their ancestor and therefore would be the best choice for the repopulation. This is because it would allow for a similar genetic divergence overtime. After many years, the diversity of dog breeds that was available would have the potential to return to what it once was. I emphasize that this would take a very long time, but I firmly believe that Huskies would be an excellent place to start. Furthermore, Huskies are not only friendly dogs, but they also can serve a purpose. They traditionally are known as a working breed because they can pull sleds carrying goods and people in places that do not have roads. Running long distances is an easy feat for a Husky and gives them a purpose beyond being a loving companion. This demonstrates that they are a dependable and capable breed suitable for repopulation of domestic dogs.

 

Dredging a pond can be quite destructive on the surrounding wildlife and environment as the pond needs to have its water’s lowered and heavy machinery and equipment needs to be brought in. The process of removing sediments and shipping them away is also a costly process. The decision to dredge a pond rests as on the immediacy of the problem and what the pond is used for. As Puffer’s Pond is a communal area for swimming, fishing and nature-walking these factors must be considered. Without dredging, the pond will continue to accumulate sediments and it will develop characteristics of a marsh. The increase in sediment will also increase the rate of plant growth in the pond and decrease fish habitat. The higher levels of sediment will also exacerbate the problem of nutrient loading from runoff which promotes plant and algae growth. Because of how the pond is used, it makes sense to dredge after sediment levels have accumulated to large levels, but the town should consider the impact this will have on the surrounding ecosystem and may want to consider an ecological impact study to ensure no endangered species depend on the pond or surrounding environment which may need to be rebuilt after the dredging process.

Isometric contractions are contractions in which that generate force without altering the length of the muscle. These muscles are common in body parts that are responsible for grips, such as your hands and forearms. These muscles are also prominent in maintaining posture. You experience isometric contractions when you are trying to lift items that are too heavy for you, leading to the object not being lifted. In this case, the maximum force a muscle can generate has been reached. In contrast, isotonic contractions do involve shortening. Force is generated by isotonic contractions by the change of length of muscles. These isotonic contractions can either be eccentric (the muscle lengthens) or concentric (the muscle shortens). With isotonic contractions, you are able to lift the object that you are attempting to lift, unlike isometric contractions. 

There is a new retrovirus which is devastating dog populations and killing at an astoundingly rapid rate. It is of course a terrible shame to let any dog suffer and die. Unfortunately we only have enough vaccine supply to save one breed. As a dog lover and a biologist my best recommendation would be to save German Shepherds.

When someone thinks of a dog they want to have as part of their family, what traits come to mind first? Loyalty, protective, affectionate and playful are likely candidates. German Shepherds encompass these traits wonderfully. They are a loyal and protective dog and would make good guard dogs for families. This breed is also known to be highly intelligent. They also require relatively little maintenance when compared to other dogs. Of course they are highly energetic and love to play as well! Overall, the German Shepherd has a great temperament and will make the an excellent addition to any family and may fill a variety of other roles, such as a service or police dog.

I must reiterate how terrible it is that we are forced to choose a single breed to save because of this awful retrovirus. I do not want to see any dog suffer, and I especially do not want to see any breed completely vanish. However, for the reasons stated previously, and in my opinion as a dog lover, I believe our best choice of dog breed to save is the German Shepherd.

Citation:

https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/german-shepherd-dog

With a new retrovirus devastating the current dog population it is important to save a breed that will carry on the legacy of dogs honorably in the future. I have lived with dogs all of my life, I was born to parents who were dog owners. Pets played an instrument role in my childhood and upbringing, since the day I was born until the day I die, I will play with, care for, and live alongside dogs. Dogs to me are not simply pets though, they are family members to love and protect. I cannot image a world in which dogs would not exist, if dogs were to go extinct an amazing light and beautiful harmony between man and beast would be extinguished from the world. If I could I would save all dog breeds from this terrible virus, but forced to save a specific breed I would choose the French briard.

The French briard is a truly amazing animal, they have served humanity nobly for hundreds of years. Kings and emperors alike have called on their service many times due to their protective and fiercely loyal nature. Charlemagne King of the Frankish Empire and Holy Roman Emperor owned briards, valuing their companionship over all other breeds. Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France also owned briards, utilizing them as watch dogs and sentries as they were very alert dogs who could bark loudly if danger was close or if individuals that posed a threat were nearby (American Kennel Club).

Leaders and rulers alike have taken briards for pets by valuing the same characteristics that people have seen in briards for centuries. Originally breed for herding and protecting sheep in rural France the briard’s temperament, dedication, and loyalty to their owners makes them useful for a wide range of tasks and makes them ideal pets. In both world wars they served their human owners and were used in support roles so often that their breed almost went extinct from being over extended as guards and search and rescue dogs. Even today briards are used by military and police forces due to their many positive qualities. If any dog breed were to be saved from this virus, that breed should be one who has served humanity faithfully and deserves survival for its past, present, and future importance.

As a former briard owner I can attest to their loving and caring nature. They are kind animals who typically are friendly and gentle, yet are protective of their owners in the face of danger. My dog Dusty was a beautiful dog, an amazing animal whose long hair gave him a goofy lovability that any person, dog person or not, could appreciate. While his time on Earth was cut short by a rare disease, there is not a day that goes by when I don’t think of Dusty or the joy he brought into my world. I know me and family would give anything to have our Dusty back, sadly we live in a world of absolutes. While his return is impossible maybe the survival of the briard would be enough to carry on Dusty’s legacy forever.

Citations

"Briard." American Kennel Club, www.akc.org/dog-breeds/briard/. 

In this population lambda changes slightly over time, starting at 1.41 before dropping down to 1.34 and rising again to 1.43 where this value becomes regulated. This indicates that the population growth rate drops before becoming regulated. This compares to the growth of the hypothetical population described in Figure 10.8 as 10.8.B indicates that the population growth rate drops from an initial point before rising again and then becoming regulated. While in this figure there is more fluctuation in the growth rate overall, and there exists two larger drops in growth rate before regulation, the pattern of a growth drop-off before growth regulation is still reflected in both examples. I predict the population will continue to grow steadily as the lambda also known as the growth rate remains constant. The population will continue to grow in future years with the age-specific survival rates not changing. However, such growth cannot extend on forever, at some point the population will reach its carrying capacity in which resources are limited to a point where further population cannot be sustainably maintained. Population growth around this time will drop to the point where the population is maintained steadily as resource constraints will reel in any spikes in population size and/or growth. 

You may think that cells just live, grow, and survive on their own, but cells actually need signals that tell them to survive. The survival signal pathway plays an important role for controlling cell survival and programmed cell death. If there are certain changes or mutations in this pathway, it can lead to uncontrolled cell death or survival. The key players in this pathway are RTK, PI 3-kinase, PIP3, Akt, Bad, and Bcl2. When the survival signal binds, it causes cross phosphorylation of RTK to occur. The added phosphates act as a binding site for PI 3 kinase. When PI 3 kinase binds to RTK, it is activated and phosphorylates PIP2, creating PIP3. Once phosphorylated, PIP3 is a binding site for Akt as well as protein kinase 1. Protein kinase 1 and 2 phosphorylate Akt, which leads it to dissociate from PIP3. As a result, Akt can phosphorylate Bad, preventing it from causing programmed cell death. Inactive bad allows Bcl2 to inhibit programed cell death and send the survival signal.

Saving the Labrador Retriever is the most logical decision. The Labrador Retriever is the breed with the largest litters. By saving a pregnant lab mother, there is a better probability of getting a large number of young. With a greater number of young, there is a larger chance of getting both male and female puppies. In addition, when the next generation is then born they will also likely have large litters leading to expanding the population more rapidly. 

Before 2002, the dogma surrounding rod and cone cells was that they were the only cells with photosensitive properties in the retina of the eye. It was also known that light entrainment and the circadian cycles are tuned by environmental influences. Scientists knew that exposure to different light cycles can reset the circadian clock, but did not know how this worked. Humans and mice that lacked rods and cones could still reset their circadian rhythms. They hypothesized that there must be another mechanism in the eye besides rod and cone photoreceptors to allow for this photosensitivity. Their question was: Could melanopsin be a photo pigment protein that allows retinal ganglion cells (RGC’s) to be light sensitive?

Reserve 2 is one subunit in a ring formation. There is a hole in the middle of the subunit in order to create some sort of separation and differential interactions between the ferrets. This intended dispersion, due to the ring formation, was created to reduce the disadvantages that a single unit reserve obtains. An example of a disadvantage to a single unit reserve would be that the entire population is affected when an allele is lost, instead of a single subpopulation. Yet, I made Reserve 2 a single unit in order to promote more breeding between the ferrets. The increased breeding results in higher heterozygosity, decreasing the risk of genetic drift and the loss of alleles.