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Apart from fin oscillation patterns, medial and paired fish fins help balance torques and generate thrust. These fins can undergo significant deformation during swimming, and are actively regulated for propulsion and maneuvering. Fish are capable of producing these morphological changes because they have independent intrinsic fin musculature. Concerning the vortex patterns produced by shark tails, the data suggests that they may be the result of active control of the shark tail by intrinsic musculature. The results from the skin denticle study indicate that the denticles improve swimming performance, reducing drag forces and possibly increasing thrust.

Chromosome shortening can be life threatening to any organism. If a chromosome shortens every time it gets replicated, vital and important information is going to get deleted. This will eventually lead to terrible birth defects or the cells not being able to function properly. Most likely death will occur. Because of this, there must be a mechanism to prevent shortening from occurring. DNA replication occurs so much to go right and must be very precise. If the alignment is not proper, chromosome shortening will most likely occur or errors will occur in the process. I feel like cells that have an error will be sent to cell death. It now makes sense to me why HIV can be such a deadly virus for humans. The virus infects and alters the DNA. In addition to that, it reverses transcriptase, which makes DNA from RNA templates. This causes a half DNA half RNA double stranded sequence to form, which ultimately leads to a single strand of DNA. A single DNA strand cannot be duplicated properly.

A study on COM motion in three fish species with different morphologies discovered that the surge fluctuated at twice frequency of the tail for eels and sunfish, while the sway resulted at the same frequency as the tail beat. Despite surge oscillations not changing significantly with increasing speed, sway oscillations did increase. Other study using particle image velocimetry discovered that the water flow of fish with homocercal tails produces vortex rings in a linked-chain pattern, while fish with heterocercal tails like sharks produce dual linked-ring vortexes. Regarding the effect of skin denticles on performance, a study discovered that intact shark skin provides 12.3% more speed than membranes with removed denticles. Lastly, a study using robotic models found that small length changes in swimming bodies can alter speed by a factor of three to five times.

The goal of this review was to examine new ways of analyzing fish locomotion. The author explored recent advances in the center of mass (COM) motion in undulatory fish, water flow patterns produced during swimming, the role of skin denticles in performance, and aquatic propulsion studies using robot models.

Fish locomotion involves the transfer of momentum to water, and is accompanied by changes in the shape of the body and surface structures like fins or scales. Despite the great diversity of fish morphologies and swimming patterns, recent advances in research have shed light on the kinematics of swimming. The motion created by fish can be analyzed in a three-dimensional space to study their center of mass and water flow patterns, and robotic models of fish can provide greater experimental control for such purposes.

Caribou has a humid continental climate, DFB, according to the Köppen classification. This means the city experiences large temperature differences throughout the seasons and has very cold winters as well as very hot summers. Precipitation is ample throughout the year as well. The climograph demonstrated in figure 1 shows the range in temperature with a peak in July and a minimum in January. July is the hottest month of the year with an average temperature of 65.6°F and January is the coldest with an average temperature of 8°F. The average temperature range is 57.6°F which a large range compared to southern areas of the country. Precipitation is ample throughout the year, with July being the wettest month on average. February is the driest but still sees a little over 2 inches of precipitation. The city sees and average of 108.7 inches of snow, which is about 50 inches greater than the average snowfall in coastal Maine and 30 inches greater than the southern interior of Maine.

The tetraodontiformes inclueds the puffer fish and its allies. These are commonly called T-Forms. The fish in this order have an intersting dentition in which the maxilla and premaxilla are fused together. They generally graze on reefs and are slow moving fishes. They may even use their large pectoral fins to grab onto the reef and move in fine scale movements. Many of these fish have modified scales erect as the fish inflates with water and act as a defensive mechanism to protect against being preyed upon. The fish may fully inflate in as quick as 4.5 seconds. T-form fishes have a very short vertebral column which makes them completely inflexible. The only movement that occurs is at their tail. Many of these fish have powerful toxins which also protect from being eaten. The T-Forms incldes 2 groups, the puffer fish and trigger fish. However, sometimes the boxfish is also included.

As blood enters the right side of the heart it enters the right atrium where blood is able to flow without any additional help through the atrioventricular valve and into the ventricle. Eventually the atrium contracts (becomes systole however this term is usually only applied to the ventricle) forcing the rest of the blood still present in the atria into the ventricle. Once blood has built up in the right ventricle it contracts, becoming systole while the atrioventricular valve (AV valve) closes as pressure is now greater in the ventricle than in the right atria. Once enough pressure has built up in the ventricle the semilunar, pulmonary valve opens, allowing blood to flow out of the ventricle and into arties that in the case of the right hear carry the blood to the pulmonary circuit where blood that lacks oxygenation is oxygenated. The left side of the heart follows a very similar process however it’s semilunar valve is called the aortic valve and blood is sent to the systemic circuit where organs use oxygen and nutrients from the oxygenated blood.

As blood enters the right side of the heart it enters the right atrium where blood is able to flow without any additional help through the atrioventricular valve and into the ventricle. Eventually the atrium contracts (becomes systole however this term is usually only applied to the ventricle) forcing the rest of the blood still present in the atria into the ventricle. Once blood has built up in the right ventricle it contracts, becoming systole while the atrioventricular valve (AV valve) closes as pressure is now greater in the ventricle than in the right atria. Once enough pressure has built up in the ventricle the semilunar, pulmonary valve opens, allowing blood to flow out of the ventricle and into arties that in the case of the right hear carry the blood to the pulmonary circuit where blood that lacks oxygenation is oxygenated. The left side of the heart follows a very similar process however it’s semilunar valve is called the aortic valve and blood is sent to the systemic circuit where organs use oxygen and nutrients from the oxygenated blood.

As blood enters the right side of the heart it enters the right atrium where blood is able to flow without any additional help through the atrioventricular valve and into the ventricle. Eventually the atrium contracts (becomes systole however this term is usually only applied to the ventricle) forcing the rest of the blood still present in the atria into the ventricle. Once blood has built up in the right ventricle it contracts, becoming systole while the atrioventricular valve (AV valve) closes as pressure is now greater in the ventricle than in the right atria. Once enough pressure has built up in the ventricle the semilunar, pulmonary valve opens, allowing blood to flow out of the ventricle and into arties that in the case of the right hear carry the blood to the pulmonary circuit where blood that lacks oxygenation is oxygenated.