There are multiple reasons for the resting membrane potential of a cell to be at -70 mV. The most important is that 1) the cell pumps Na+, creating an ion concentration gradient between the intercellular fluid and the extracellular fluid (aka depolarization), and 2) the cell membrane is much more permeable to K+ than to Na+, meaning it allows a lot more potassium to enter the cell than sodium (known as hyperpolarization).
Gene mutation occurs when there is a change in the genetic material (DNA). These changes can be either spontaneous during DNA replication because they just take place and mistakes occur during DNA replication. Sometimes they are (induced) caused by certain factors such as radiation, mutagenic chemicals (cigarette smoke) and temperature. For example, when they are hereditary and passed to their offspring, there are genetic disorders such as Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia and Tay-Sachs. Even though, mutations are bad most of the time sometimes it could be an advantage and it could help evolution.
Gene mutation can be caused by changes in the environment and at any stage of that person’s life. They could be hereditary, this happens when these mutations are inherited from a parent that will be passed to their offspring. For example, some of the inherited gene disorders are cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia and Tay-Sachs. Permanent changes can be rare but also common that sometimes it is considered a normal variation in DNA.
Neurons have three parts to them, the soma, dendrites, and axons. The soma of a nueron is its main body, containing the cells organelles. Radiating out from the soma is the dendrites, where neurons receive signals from other neurons. Dendrites may receive either excitatory or inhibitory signals This transmission of signals is usually through the passage of neurotransmitter between the synapses of dendrites and axons. However, sometimes neurons also pass direct electrical signals through strcutrues called gap junctions. Axons are what the neuron will send a signal through. At the end of the axon is the axon terminal, where neurotransmitters are stored and ready for release. Axons almost always reach to another neurons dendrites, however there are cases where they reach to somas and even sometimes other axons.
In order for a neuron to release neurotransmitter from its axon terminal, it must produce an action potential. The action potential is caused by receiving enough of an exitatory signal at its dendrites. These signals are called graded potentials and will deteriorate over time. If enough graded potentials sum, the cell will release an action potential down its axon and release neurotransmitter to the next neuron. Action potentials are always the same strength, there is no variability to them like with graded potentials. Once they exist, they exist and travel down the axon. Of course while traveling some of the charge may leak out of the axon itself. This is prevented by having thicker axons or by the presence of a myelin sheath over the axon.
Our source was from Google Scholar. This website shows accredited resources, it provides good information and it has easy PDF access. We believe it’s more organized than Google because if you initiate a search in Google, you will get more than a 100 links for the article you are looking for. However, with the help of Google Scholar, you can access more information of credible academic publishers and more accredited websites. This website offers more tools for find articles, books and locate the right sources for the research paper you may have for school. As a student we are thankful for Google Scholar because it directs you to the right path and helps you obtain that article you need to complete your research paper.
The phylum of Chordata encompasses a vast and diverse group of organisms. In order for an organism to be classified as a chordate, it must possess all five characteristics of a chordate at some stage in its lifetime; though many chordate traits are lost with further development. The first of these unifying characteristics is the presence of the notochord. This is a rod which runs the length of the organisms body to provide a ridged yet flexible support structure. Chordates will also possess a dorsal hallow nerve chord. As the name suggests, this is a hallow chord which runs the length of the body and sits dorsal to the notochord. The third trait all chordates have is some sort of iodine fixing gland. In many species this may be an endostyle. For humans this is our thyroid gland. Another trait is the presence possess pharyngeal gill slits, which are located along the pharynx. Lastly, all chordates will possess a post-anal tail at some point in their lifetime.
There are billions of neurons in the human body which work together and govern our thoughts, sensations and movement. Neurons, or any cell for that matter, have the ability to hold a charge in their membrane. The charge itself is caused by the passage of positively and negatively charged ions through ion channels and pumps in the membrane itself. In the human body the main positive charged ions you will find are sodium (Na), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca). Largely chloride (Cl) will be the only negatively charged ion effecting neurons.
Depolarization and the flow of these ions is governed by both the concentration and electrical gradients. At rest, the average neuron will be at about -70mV. This charge is governed by the equilibrium potential of the Na+ and K+ ions flowing between the membrane and the exterior of the cell. The concentration of K+ will be greatest inside the cell and low outside he cell. In contrast, Na+ will have a high concentration outside the cell and a low concentration inside the cell. Therefore when say, a K+ channel opens, large amounts of K+ will leave the cell, pushing its electrical potential more negative and hyperpolarize it. When an Na+ channel opens, large amounts of Na+ will rush into the cell, pushing its electrical potential to be more positive and depolarizing it.
Woke up
Checked my phone
Got out of bed and stretch
Put on shorts
Take a drink of water
Walk to the bathroom
Brushed my teeth
Check the bus app on my phone
Put my orgo notebook and goggles in my backpack
Took off my shorts and put on pants and a shirt
Leave my house and walk to Neman cafe
Order a breakfast sandwich and eat it
Categories
Moving
Getting ready
Self care
The first part of my day consists of me slowly coming to and moving and squirming around in my bed before I finally sit up in bed. A few minutes later I get up out of bed from the bottom as my bed is against a wall and a couch. As soon as I get up and am standing I stretch out and yawn and sometimes crack my neck and back depending on how it feels. Soon after I walk to the bathroom which is just down the hall. After I’m all ready to go or the day I walk over to Newman cafe, juust n the other side of the bushes.
Right after I get up the first thing I do is check my phone and see if I have any messages from work or professors, then I’ll poke a round on social media. After I’m out of bed and stretched i’ll throw on some shorts and my flip flops. When I’m done In the bathroom I check my phone again, this time checking the bus app for the times. As that is loading I grab my organic chemistry notebook and my goggles and toss them in my backpack. I remembered I actually need pants for my lab so I have to take my shorts off and put on pants and a t shirt.
One of the best thing in the world is when you first get up and have a drink of water, I do this every morning as soon as i get out of bed and have pants on. Once in the bathroom I brush my teeth with my electric toothbrush for about 2 minutes, sometimes I’ll wash my face depending on if i feel the need to. The last self care step and maybe the most important is I eat my breakfast sandwich from the Neman cafe and then am on my way.
Getting Ready:
This morning I woke up to my alarm that went off at 8:30 AM. I picked up my phone to turn off the alarm and rolled out of bed. I sat up and got out of my bed and went to the bathroom. In the bathroom, I washed my face and brushed my teeth. Afterwards, I went into the kitchen and put bread in the toaster. While waiting for my food, I went to my room to put on an outfit for the day. Once my toast was ready, I spread peanut butter on it and ate it. I then made sure my backpack was all packed up and I was ready for my day.
Transportation:
Once I had all my stuff together in my backpack, I walked down the 5 flights of stairs and unlocked my bike from the bike rack outside of North A. I then rode my bike to the ILC and locked it up at a bike rack there. I walked to the room S110 After physics, I rode my bike to my Cellular and Molecular Biology class at Morrill II. I walked to room 131 for my class.
School:
In physics today we worked on a velocity and position lab. We used the IOLab carts to study changes in velocity and position. We worked in our teams and we finished most of our lab. In cellular and molecular biology, we learned about protein folding and structure. I took notes during the class and answered some iClicker questions.
Transportation:
At 6:45am I left my home and began my drive to Umass. Due to heavy traffic, I thought it would have been a good idea to take a detour to avoid said traffic. However, this likely made my commute longer than it would have been otherwise. Unfortunately there was heavy traffic along this detour as well. During my commute someone else had tried to avoid the traffic by using the incorrect lanes and they had gotten pulled over. At 7:50 I arrived on campus and parked in lot 12. From lot 12, I walked to my first course in the ILC. I walked from the ILC to the library. At around 10:00 I had a brief walk around campus. Furthermore, I walked to statistics in Morill 1 at around 12:30.
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