Drafts

The beginning of the 1990s the US congress passed the Patient Self-Determination Act that demanded hospitals to inform patients that they are allowed to refuse medication if they want to. This act was the tipping point that allowed for more euthanasia activists to push for what they believed was a basic human right. With the rise of those who were for euthanasia there was also a gain in the amount of people who were against euthanasia. Two years later in California, the Death with Dignity Act was up for vote, which allowed death by administering or prescribing medications. This focused on ending the life of those were terminally ill and had no chance of a brighter future ahead of them. This act was not passed, but in Oregon it was. This is where the first law, involving euthanasia, in American history was passed. Much of the debate was whether or not it was a person’s right if they wanted to die and people were not able to come to a consensus on this matter, in current time it is still a debatable matter that has no definite answer. The legalization of euthanasia was frowned upon by a huge amount of people in the United States. A majority of what other’s thought was brought on by their religious views and what they believed to be morally correct.

Source refers to the origin of the invader. Areas affected potentially include the total number of counties that are already affected in a state. The affected areas have lower biodiversity as the native plant species are unable to compete with the foreign invader. Since the number of areas affected can contribute to the future distribution of the invasive species from multiple locations to new locations, a greater number of places affected can lead to further proliferation of the invader.

The midnight cat is a nocturnal creature, and during the day it sleeps on the ground deep in the forest under piles of decomposing leaf litter. This rotting vegetation is prime real estate for decomposers like fungi, many of which are poisonous and which other animals know not to eat, and the pale brown, hairless skin growths on Mycospondylus’ back mimic these poisonous mushrooms to ward off any nosy intruders. Additionally, the midnight cat’s skin secretes a poisonous substance that is derived from the poison in the milk frogs it eats, which prevents other carnivores from trying to eat it and giving a nasty surprise to any who try to. At night, Mycospondylus leaves the dense inner forest and climbs up into the rainforest’s understory in search of food, where it remains until dawn. While it can eat most tree frogs, Mycospondylus is particularly partial to the Amazon milk frog, which lives in trees near “permanent, slow-moving water sources” (“Mission Golden-Eyed Tree Frog”, n.d). Once up in the branches, the midnight cat uses its highly acute hearing to listen for the milk frog’s distinctive croak, then looks for it between the densely packed vegetation. When it finds its target, the midnight cat keeps its distance, closing its eyes and letting the moon on its forehead do its job. The “moon” is made up of specialized skin cells that contain a chemical compound similar to the luciferin found in fireflies which makes them bioluminescent (“Firefly Luciferin”, n.d.). The glow attracts insects to the midnight cat, which draws the attention of the nearby frog. Mycospondylus listens for the frog’s approach and uses the electroreceptors in its secondary tails to sense its exact position. Once the cat has determined that its prey is within reach, it pounces. Now with a mouthful of slimy frog, Mycospondylus’ specialized dentition comes into play: instead of just one canine on either side of both the upper and lower jaw, Mycospondylus has two canines that occlude and lock together to help the midnight cat clamp down on its slippery prey and stop the frog from getting away before the cat gets the chance to eat it.

          The first recrystallization of the crude trimyristin was performed using enough acetone to dissolve the crude product inside the Erlenmeyer flask. The mixture was cooled to room temperature for five minutes and left in the ice bath for 15 minutes, rinsed with additional acetone while collected via vacuum filtration. A weight and melting point was obtained. Hydrolysis was performed. A sample of the recrystallized trimyristin (0.06 g, 0.083 mmol) was transferred to a clean RB flask, along with 6 M NaOH (2.0 mL, 106.508 mmol), 95% ethanol (2.0 mL, 34.252 mmol), and two boiling chips. The solution was refluxed gently on the hot plate for 45 minutes. During hydrolysis, the remaining recrystallized trimyristin sample was recrystallized a second time in the same manner as before, except the warm solution was allowed to cool to room temperature for 10 minutes before cooling in ice for another 10 minutes. The weight and melting point were obtained. After the hydrolysis had proceeded for 45 minutes, the flask was allowed to cool to room temperature, after which the contents were poured into a 50 mL beaker containing water (8.0 mL, 444.0 mmol). HCl (2.0 mL, 65.826 mmol) was added dropwise while stirring until myristic acid precipitated. The beaker was cooled in ice water for 10 minutes, with stirring, and the resulting solid was collected via vacuum filtration, rinsing with water. A weight and melting point were obtained.

The ruler is limited to millimeters so we can't be as precise. The tape could have been displaces or hanging of the lense increasing the uncertainty. Also, there was a lot of track movement to get a clear image of the diffraction which changed the h value, so it’s hard to tell which would track distance is optimal for calculating the h value. It’s also hard to measure the value with the light in the way. I think since we’re limited in how far we can move the base and hair, I would say it's hard to get an accurate measurement. I said we’re in the range of it, not super accurate but also not terribly inaccurate, I would say we could be off by + or - 0.2 cm. The total uncertainty for the position of the strand would be around  0.2 cm which is a reasonable amount. The measurements may be statistically different because of the measurement errors that are present. The data that we collected may be a little off so comparing that to measurements produced in the t-test won’t result in the same data.
 

These two angles share an almost linear relationship with one another. This can be seen from the fact that as the angle of incidence increases the angle of reflection also does the same at almost the same rate. As the angle of incidence increases by ten degrees the angle of reflection also increases by ten degrees however there is a three degree of difference. When angle of incident is 10 degrees the angle of reflection is at 13 degrees. The law of reflection states that the is equal to the . What could be predicted from this is that if we are looking at the and for every ten degrees starting at 0 then the slope would be 1 and the y-intercept will be 0. This is because using the equation it tells us that for every ten degrees in the will also be increasing by ten. The slope will be zero because at zero degrees for the will be zero as well. There is no clear linear relationship between the angle of refraction and the angle of incident. All that can be seen from the graph is that as angle of incidence increases the angle of refraction does the same. However there is no clear pattern. You can convert your angles using the above conversion right inside the argument of the function SINE.

Based upon figure 1 the effect of Ulva on Gigartina is a positive effect following the facilitation model. A facilitation model means that early colonists modify the environment so that it is more suitable for late successors and less suitable for other early successors. The Gigartina is a late species and when the Ulva is present then the number of Gigartina increases over time. When Ulva is removed the Gigartina levels are consistently low throughout both years.

The pattern of mortality for fir and aspen changes when the aspen plots are thinned. When the aspen plots are thinned the fir mortality increases but the aspen mortality stays the same. This could be due to the fact that the fir are more susceptible to fire in the absence of aspen. The likely mechanism controlling these interactions is a tolerance model. In a tolerance model the earlier successors modify the environment so that is has a small effect on the later successional species. The later successor then takes over the colony and can eliminate the earlier species. In figure 2 Aspen is the earlier successor but over time the fir can still increase in density despite the presence of the aspen. However, as the Fir continues to grow the density of the aspen starts to decrease.  

The element the plants want at a certain time depends on what growing stage the plant is in. In agriculture, farmers will analyse the nutrient concentration in the soil to make sure the plant is in its desirable condition to maximize its growth. There are two type of analysis used to see both conditions of plant and the soil. With modern understanding of pollution and climate change, people are favoring organic fertilizers over chemical ones. The mechanism of how plant take in the nutrients from the soil is by a process called mineralization. Roots usually will absorb the nutrients but leaves are capable to absorb some nutrients as well. This discovery gave advantage to the agriculture because the process of absorption is much rapid compared to the root absorption which the rate can change depending on that day’s soil’s condition.  

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is another highly conserved pathway involved in cell growth and proliferation, as well as PaCSC self-renewal. In the canonical pathway, Wnt proteins that are modified by porcupine to become lipid-bound bind to frizzled receptor complexes and the co-receptor LRP5/6. The signal is then passed downstream via disheveled, which in its active state inhibits phosphorylation of β-catenin, allowing it to accumulate in the cytoplasm. β-catenin is then translocated to the nucleus, where it forms a transcriptional complex and acts on target genes. RNF43 and ZNRF3 were recently identified as Wnt target genes and negative feedback regulators that are inactivated in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Zhan et al. 2017). Two regions of the pathway the researchers intend to target include upstream, such as porcupine and frizzled, and downstream between the interaction of β-catenin and its target genes. Small molecule inhibitors of porcupine such as LGK974 and ETC-159 have been highly effective in pancreatic cancer to block signaling (Novartis Pharmaceuticals 2018). The monoclonal antibody Vantictumab blocks frizzled receptors and has shown beneficial effects in treating pancreatic adenocarcinoma when combined with paclitaxel or gemcitabine (Messersmith et al. 2016). Additionally, the small molecule inhibitor PRI-724 has shown promising effects in blocking the interaction between β-catenin and its target genes (PRISM Pharma 2017). The researchers would like to include all of these in their treatment of halting the Wnt pathway, thereby stopping PaCSC self-renewal.