Drafts

We do not just memorize all the information that is presented to us. We have to use the information we know to evaluate the problems and solve them based on the information we have. That information could be sets of laws. For example, in physics (Physics 131) we have very few laws like F=ma, or Sum of torques = 0, that are used to solve numerous problems and likewise, in organic chemistry, the mechanisms behind reactions are the laws that determine the outcome of countless reactions. Likewise, in a biology course, like BIO152, although there a lot of information, the general patterns we observe in nature may be applied to behaviors of different species and we can therefore accurately predict the causes of certain behaviors or problems in nature.

Fatty acid synthesis is mainly carried out in liver cells and involves multple processes and is not the reverse of fatty acid oxidation. Fatty acid synthesis consists of 3 steps; acetyl-CoA transport, malonyl-CoA formation and the synthesis cycle. The product of fatty acid synthesis is palmitate. The first step being acetyl-CoA transport involves acetlyl-CoA being transported from the mitochondrial matrix directly into the cytoplasm. The second step is malonyl-CoA formation and this occurs when acetyl-CoA is carboxylated to form this compound which is direct substrate of fatty acid synthesis and is catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The last step to create palmitate is the synthesis cycle. This cycle involves several sequential cycles of reactions. The priming step then each cycle adds two carbons from malonyl-CoA. All fatty acid chains that are produced by the enzyme fatty acid synthase are 16 carbon chains long however, with both elongation and desaturation the ability to generate other fatty acids is possible making them each different. When fatty acids are desaturated, double bonds are added. These double bonds result in a less of an energy yield when they are broken because they are more oxidized. 

Action potentials are generated in axon hillock, opening sodium channels as they go (starts moving in all directions). The ones on the right, are depolarized and have not seen action potentials yet. The ones on the left (retrograde) have closed inactivation gates which are essentially on a timer. Things that are retrograde are in absolute refractory, the things that are anterograde are depolarized.

The results for scenario A were that editing genes to select for height with no benefit to health should not be allowed with 25 respondents disagreeing with the statement. Additionally, 25 respondents stated that this genetic alteration was not ethical. 23 respondents answered that altering genes for height would be more permissible in the sperm and egg, rather than an embryo. The results for scenario B were that editing genes to prevent disease should be allowed with 45 respondents agreeing to the statement. 36 respondents also said that editing genes to prevent disease is ethical. It was found that editing genes to prevent disease is more permissible in the sperm and egg, rather than an embryo with 25 respondents agreeing to the statement. The results for scenario C were that editing genes to select for sex should not be allowed 30 respondents disagreeing to the statement. It was also found that this kind of gene editing is not ethical with 30 respondents disagreeing to the statement. 25 respondents said that it was less permissible to select for sex in the sperm and egg rather than in the embryo.   

Ketogenesis is the biochemical process in which living organisms produce ketone bodies. The production of these ketone bodies results when there is a breakdown of fatty acids. The acetyl-CoA that is produced in liver cells and is used in the citric acid cycle can instead undergo ketogenesis and produce ketone bodies. These ketone bodies cannot be used by liver cells and are released and transported through the blood stream. Our brains also are unable to use ketone bodies, only under certain prolonged periods of fasting does our brain begin to oxidize these ketone bodies as alternative energy. Both heart and skeletal muscle can easily metabolize there ketone bodies and use them for energetic purposes. Ketogenesis is essential to our bodies as there are times that our body does not have enough carbohydrates to keep working. At times like this is where our body metabolizes there ketone bodies for energy.  The ketogenic diet refers to the science of ketogenesis. Individuals are to keep a low-carb, high fat diet so that the body must use the fats consumed to produce ketone bodies and which are then used for energy.

The weaknesses of this study involve the mortality rate of their test subjects. I was shocked to hear in class that somewhere around 25% of the mice died during testing from seizures. This makes sense considering they are just activating a whole bunch of neurons with a simple injection. It makes me wonder whether this could be effecting the behavior of the mice that did survive the experiment. For example, could their fear response with and without CNO be a natural anxiety developed from brain damage from the experiment? Secondly, the results from Fig 1D are somewhat concerning as it takes about an hour for the mice to respond to CNO which could mess with results. Additionally, the results rarely ever revealed over a 50% freezing which are nor very strong results.  Despite that, because of their control experiments, and logical experimental outline, the results are still valid, just not as strong as we could hope for.

Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens) are adept at climbing trees and pecking for insects such as beetle larvae, ants, caterpillars, earworm, and apple borers which burrow inside of wood or tree bark. Part of their diet consists of plant material, berries and grains. They move horizontally and downwards on trees rapidly. It has a specialized beak and skull that redirects most of the strain from repeatedly striking trees, into the rest of the body, instead of the head. They take frequent breaks in drilling to prevent brain damage caused by overheating. This is different than the Upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) which feeds on mostly insects, including weevils, beetles, grasshoppers, and crickets. It feeds while walking along the ground.

    Humans have evolved to become more fragile and we’re less capable of labor as technology has caught up and allowed us to live lives with less physical labor. The increase in the size of our brains also requires a lot of energy to be put into the brain, and require more time for the brain to become mature. So as time goes on, and our brains continue to evolve and become bigger as technology accompanies our needs more and more, will we eventually get to a point where humans cannot walk anymore, because technology will accommodate that for us? Will it ever get to a point where we will be living the same way as the people in that scene of Wall-E, where everybody is permanently stuck in a moving chair with a screen in front of them at all times? Personally, I think we’ve reached a balance between technology and fitness, and we’re able to enjoy the physical aspects of being human, while being able to enjoy the accommodations that technology has for us.

    Photoshop, Lightroom, Ableton, Microsoft Office, all of these programs require hefty prices in order to gain accessibility to these programs. These programs are just a few examples of the core programs required for career options such as photography, music, creating a startup, and more. A lot of these career options that are in the “art” category of career choices, are often overlooked at as “payable via exposure”. What this means, is that instead of people paying money in order to play someone’s music or show someone’s art at their restaurant or exposition, they instead offer “exposure” as if that completely covers all monetary requirements to keep paying for these programs, as well as their need for shelter and food. To give an idea as to how expensive these programs are, Photoshop and Lightroom can be bought as a package for 11$/month, but you can never own the programs; meaning the programs must always be bought off every month and this fee will always exist. Ableton for the LITE version (the version with the least add-ons) costs $400, while the pro version costs $1100+. Microsoft Office can cost anywhere between $240 to $440. These costs are expensive and to “give exposure” as if it’s enough, is evidently not enough purely based on exposure alone.