Transgenic Organisms can be used in three different ways. They can introduce new genes into the genomes of target species (for example making the target organism produce a certain protein that is doesn't naturally. They can be used to remove the function of certain genes in the target organism either by target distribution or by inhibition of translation. The third way they can be used is to edit Genes or make specific changes to the genome of the target organism.
Vitamin D is indicated to be lacking in my diet, for the target of 15 micrograms is not met for I only consume about 3 micrograms on average. Not getting enough vitamin D can be dangerous for it plays the role of modulating cell growth, neuromuscular and immune functions, absorption of calcium, therefore, contributing to bone growth. Deficiency not very uncommon because vitamin D is naturally not present in many foods, making it more important that we are aware of our intakes8. Given that we are entering the colder months it also is more challenging to obtain vitamin D from the sun, therefore it must be done by selecting proper foods. As mentioned before, fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity for it is stored in the body, therefore monitoring the intake of this vitamin is extremely important. In most extreme cases toxicity may raise blood levels of calcium, in turn leading to damage to the heart, blood vessels and kidneys8. Some of the best sources of Vitamin D are fatty fish, including salmon and tuna, both of which are foods I enjoy and will add to my diet in greater amounts to make up for the lack of Vitamin D in my diet. Beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks also contain some amounts of vitamin D.
In order to fully explore the capabilities of yeast genetics, mutagenesis will be performed on the yeast cells. Mutagenesis is the inducing of a random mutation deliberately. It can be performed in several ways such as using chemicals, x-rays, and UV-radiation. These methods cause random changes in the sequence of DNA molecules and allow for the studying of concepts such as complementation. Specifically, the adenosine pathway will be studied using mutagenesis. Four haploid strands. ADE1a, ADE2a, ADE1α, and ADE2α will undergo mutagenesis and will then be placed on various media to observe growth and characteristics. The “1” mutants have a mutation in ADE1 and the “2” mutants will have a mutation in ADE2 in the adenine pathway. A mutant allele in either of these pathways will cause the buildup of P-ribosylamino imidazole, resulting in a red pigmented cell. The accumulation of P-ribosylamino imidazole also causes a decrease in the growth rate of ADE mutant cells.
Protein is another macronutrient necessary to promote the health of the body. The body’s growth, repairing of cells, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs are all essential functions of the protein, therefore adequate amounts of protein in the diet is necessary to the optimal function of the body. My current food intake indicates a relatively steady amount of protein in my diet, at approximately 21 percent of the total calories I consume in one day. Overall, based on the two days of documenting my food intake, the main sources of protein are chicken, eggs, fish, and pork. The fish, unfortunately, was fried with batter, making a great source of protein that comes along with unnecessary amounts of fat, so in future meals I know to choose fish that’s steamed or cooked differently.The chicken is chicken breast and the pork was a lean piece of boneless pork chop, both relatively healthy options of protein, low in fat and sodium showing that the quality of the protein intake is quite well. Although those options of poultry and chicken are great, I could aim to expand my options and include beans, and nuts to obtain all the essential amino acids. Red meats, like beef, are excluded from being categorized as a healthy protein for it is much higher in saturated fats4. Harvard School of Public Health reported that the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease increased with increased consumptions of red meats, supported with evidence from a study that shows the risk of dying from cardiovascular increasing by 13 percent with every additional 3-ounce serving of red meat4.
Vitamin D is indicated to be lacking in my diet, for the target of 15 micrograms is not met for I only consume about 3 micrograms on average. Not getting enough vitamin D can be dangerous for it plays the role of modulating cell growth, neuromuscular and immune functions, absorption of calcium, therefore, contributing to bone growth. Deficiency not very uncommon because vitamin D is naturally not present in many foods, making it more important that we are aware of our intakes8. Given that we are entering the colder months it also is more challenging to obtain vitamin D from the sun, therefore it must be done by selecting proper foods. As mentioned before, fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity for it is stored in the body, therefore monitoring the intake of this vitamin is extremely important. In most extreme cases toxicity may raise blood levels of calcium, in turn leading to damage to the heart, blood vessels and kidneys8. Some of the best sources of Vitamin D are fatty fish, including salmon and tuna, both of which are foods I enjoy and will add to my diet in greater amounts to make up for the lack of Vitamin D in my diet. Beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks also contain some amounts of vitamin D.
vitamin D.
Based on my current lifestyle, the most physical activity I involve myself in is the approximately 30 to 40 minutes of walking to class and dining halls during the day. It has always been a goal of mine to incorporate going to the gym as a part of my daily schedule. As of right now, my plan is to start small and go to the gym 3-4 times a day for about 30 minutes of moderate aerobic activity. This will likely include going on the treadmill for the time or an elliptical. Another option for those days may be a fitness class which is usually one hour long with short breaks in between. Most days, I take the elevator back up to my room, however, I will begin to take the stairs instead. I believe that every small effort towards being more active will contribute to a long-term effect on my physical health.
As implied throughout the essay many of the foods that are considered the healthier options fall into various nutrient groups. For example, fish is a healthy source of protein and also a great source of unsaturated fats. Particular examples including the aforementioned highlight the idea that being health conscious when making meal choices will affect every aspect of your diet and health. Foods that are most dense in a specific nutrient most-likely contain smaller amounts of other nutrients that are just as vital to the overall health of a person. Understanding that daily food choices may positively or negatively impact my long-term health is essential, for it enables to alter my choices based on awareness.
E-site: the ribosomal site harbouring deacylated tRNA on transit out from the ribosome. Describe reading frame and then mention when the ribosome knows what is the correct reading frame . Starts with AUG in P-site
-mention direction of ribosome reads mRNA (3’ to 5’ or vice versa)
-then introduce tRNA and function. point out anticodons and anticodon loops
-use tRNA, amino acid , mRNA, and ribosome manipulatives
-form the peptide bonds(discuss the location of amino and carboxyl groups involved) and mention the dehydration reaction
-ribosome reaches stop codon and the disassembly of the ribosome and release of polypeptide and mRNA
-highlight important of termination
-discuss genetic code and exceptions
A-site: the ribosomal site most frequently occupied by aminoacyl-tRNA. The aminoacyl-tRNA in the A-site functions as the acceptor for the growing protein during peptide bond formation.P-site: the ribosomal site most frequently occupied by peptidyl-tRNA, i.e. the tRNA carrying the growing peptide chain. The P-site is also referred to as the puromycin-sensitive site. Puromycin is an antibiotic which shows similarities with a part of aminoacyl-tRNA. When puromycin is present in the A-site, the peptide can be linked to puromycin via a peptide bond. Thus, peptidyl-tRNA in the P-site is located in the puromycin-sensitive site. E-site: the ribosomal site harboring deacylated tRNA on transit out from the ribosome.
To determine the relationship between spider weight and spider web thickness, 3 different species of spiders of different sizes will be collected from various sites around campus. We will collect 2 spiders in each species. The spiders will be weighed on analytical scales and will be sorted based on weight. They will then be placed in separate containers and will be allowed to spin out spider silk.The spiders will be left in their containers to make a web for 5 days. We will feed them 1 fruit fly each day. We will remove the web with tweezers and place onto a microscope slide. The silk will be fixed onto microscope slides using distilled water as a buffer. The silk will be observed under a microscope at 40x magnification and be characterized based on size, using a stage micrometer, and web type. The webs will be sorted based on type, and then subgroups will be made based on size. The data will be analyzed based on the spider species and then the web size will be compared to spider weight to determine if any correlation exists.
Due to their extreme elasticity and ability to withstand remarkable forces, spider webs have a lot of potential in biotechnology. Discovering more about the factors that influence different characteristics of spider webs, like their thickness, can help us understand more about them and why they are so durable. Modeling the properties of spider webs could be useful in materials engineering and synthesizing a material that is both strong and soft. They could also be used for synthesizing replacement tissues that are flexible and strong.
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