Perfect Paragraph

A simple endocrine loop is one that involves only one hormone and maintains homeostasis. Most loops are stimulated by a humoral stimuli, or a change in interstitual fluid. An example of a simple endocrine loop is the parathyriod hormone. When there is a decrease in blood calcuim, the parathyroid glad acts as a sensor and control center, recognizing the change and signalling to an effort tissue. The effector, the parathyroid gland, releases the parathyroid hormone, which effects the bones, kidneys, and digestive tract. In the bones, osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium. The kidneys and digestive tract increase calcium reabsorption. Calcium levels increase in the blood until the normal level of blood calcium is achieved. A complex endocrine loop uses multiple hormones and has varied responses. For example, thyroid hormone is released when the body needs to increase metabolism. The signal goes to the hypothalamus which produces thyroid releasing hormone, which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary glad then relases thyroid stimulating hormone which stimulates the thyriod gland to release thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone stimulates every cell in the body with a receptor for thyroid hormone to increase metabolism, heat generation, and growth and devlopment. 

Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new species arise. Two types of speciation are sympatric and allopatric speciation. In sympatric speciation, a single species diverges to become two distinct species due to sexual preferences, a separation by a reproductive barrier, or polyploidy. Over time, a single area may have a population experience distruptive selection. For example, consider a plant with different colored flowers. A species of beetles that inhabit the flowers, but have preferences for certain colors will diverege if the preferences are different among the beetles (some prefer red while others prefer yellow). In allopatric speciation, a separation, a geographic barrier between a once united group may cause the species to diverge as well. For example, in a pool that dries up and creating smaller pools, the fish that were once together become separated geographically. Over time, the fish will exert a preference for their own kind if re-united. This too, is an example of speciation of a single species, now separated by preferences due to evolution.

D.W Brock assesses the ethical issues amongst human clothing, he looks into the pros and cons that come with cloning. Brock belives that human cloning will change the way that people think of human life. He believes that human life will be seen as something that can be manipulated and adjusted for what a person desires. Some human lives as well as some clones might be viewed as having lesser values then others. If genetic cloning occurs, then the value for human life starts to degrade.

    Brock argues that when human cloning occurs the clone is given specific abilities and has desirable attributes given to them, so human life will be seen as something that can be easily manipulated and controlled. This can create the clones as being seen as objects and is what causes the degradation of human life since clones are copies of human forms.

    The complexity that exists when learning music theory formally is abundant. When a child learns how to play a note on the piano or on any instrument, they are taught to hear that specific sound and to associate it with a note name, such as F. Yet when learning music theory from a college student’s perspective, the idea behind “what is a note” and “what is a sharp”, are all asked. The importance behind such ideas are important to be formally addressed, but is it entirely necessary to be taught in order to understand music theory? At the end of the day, a child who has been playing the piano for half a year, can most likely tell an introductory music theory student what simple concepts are, such as what is a half note is, or what is a sharp. The way they express it might not be formal or coherent, but they still able to understand what these relatively simple concepts. It’s important to note that an understanding of music theory is not necessary in order to create music as well. For example, those who have been considered “musical legends” such as John Lennon, did not know how to read music until he was well into his career as a well-established musician. Thus, the idea that music theory is a necessity and must be as complex as it is in order to create music is incorrect, and albeit most likely unnecessary in a fair amount of cases.

In this experiment, we concentrate on the absorbance rate of chloroplasts that have been extracted from two different leaves; spinach(Spinacia oleracea) and kale(Brassica oleracea var. sabellica). Usually during photosynthesis, NADP+ is reduced to NADPH however, in this experiment we use an artificial electron acceptor, Dichlorophenolindophenol(DCPIP). Using the DCPIP, allows us to fully monitor the photosynthetic rates of each of the isolated chloroplasts. Both spinach and kale have very distinctly different coloration; kale which has a much darker pigmentation and spinach which takes on a lighter green. Kale will result in a lower absorbance rate in comparison to the spinach chloroplasts because of this difference in coloration. Kale has a much darker pigment than spinach, which leads us to believe that this difference in color is associated with the amount of chloroplasts found in kale resulting in a higher rate of photosynthesis. A higher concentration of chloroplasts found results in a darker pigment, lower absorption, more electrons being transferred in the ETC and a higher rate of photosynthesis.

Exergonic reactions are spontaneous, while endergonic reactions are not; however, it is not the free energy change that determines the rate of a reaction. The rate of a reaction is determined by the activation energy, which is the energy needed to reach the transition state between reactants and products. Reactions with higher activation energies have slower rates because fewer molecules have enough energy to reach the transition state. When the activation energy is lower, more molecules can easily reach the transition state, accelerating the reaction. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energies. They do so by stabilizing the structure of the transition state, which then requires less energy to be reached. Enzymes do not affect the free energies of the substrates or products, and they do not alter the equilibrium of a reaction. They simply allow equilibrium to be reached faster. Enzymes can enhance the rate of a reaction in many ways: forming favorable interactions in its active site, orienting two substrates to react, directly participating in the reaction, or strain the substrate bonds. Enzymes usually use more than one of these strategies to stabilize the transition state, lower the activation energy, and speed up a mechanism.

The goals of this project was to be able to construct a methods section was to be able to create our own multipanel figure on our own, to be able to create a methods section to explain how the figure was created, and compare our create figure with another figure created by somebody else following our methods. By analysing the differences between the two figures created from the methods we will be able determine what parts of the methods are unclear and require more detail to create an accurate replica. The subjects that I chose for my figure were the trees covered in Ivy branches. I chose this interaction since because both were plant species there was very little chance for there to be a significant change in a two week period resulting in the same specimen not being able to be photographed for the replicate figure. Also even if there had been some sort of problem resulting in the specimen not being usable for the replicate, there were many other examples alongside the road that could also be used. When selecting my specimen, I wanted to make sure that it had a thick layer of Ivy that covered a large area of the tree to make sure it was very noticeable in the figure.

Why do birds migrate? scientists did not have a solid explanation on how or why do birds migrate, but based on discoveries and technology, scientists determine that birds migrate from one place to another depending on the seasons. When it is cold, they migrate from colder temperature to warm places and they also avoid dry places where it does not rain often. When migration season happens in North America, birds have the tendency to move from North to South direction. It is known that most migratory birds breed in the south and returns to the north because of warmer weather, better resources such as food, and mates to help them prepare for breeding season. The two major seasons that birds migrate are spring and fall. However, during the winter most birds die because of the cold, diseases or starvation, and that is why some birds reproduce many offspring in a year. Migration is the most efficient way for birds to survive and reproduce.

Alzheimer's disease is a disease that destroys memory cells and affects mental functions. Alzheimer’s disease is derived from the increase in the buildup of amyloid plaques. Amyloid plaques cause disconnections between nerve cells. The disconnections can alter and affect a person’s thinking, memory and behavior. Scientists believed that if the plaques are removed then the memory cells would not be destroyed. Deep brain stimulation was attempted to see if it would help with Alzheimer's, especially with the plaques. The devices were implanted into the fornix, which is a fiber bundle between the hippocampus and hypothalamus. The use of deep brain stimulation increased glucose metabolism. After the testing, it was found that the increase in glucose metabolism had no effect on the disease. Therefore, the use of deep brain stimulation was not a good option as an alternative.

The two multi-panel scientific figures created by the original student and the second student showed several observational differences. Upon initial observation, the replicate figure is significantly darker in color than the original figure. Although they both display a yellow-tinted background color, the replicate figure has a dark yellow-orange color, while the original figure has a light, yellow-beige color background. Similarly, both figures contain the three essential images of the interaction between the Sweet Olive tree and the English Ivy. The first photo is taken of the English Ivy strand, the second of the Sweet Olive tree, and the third photo captures both species interacting with one another from a farther distance. All three photos of the replicate figure capture nearly-identical images of the original figure. However, in the replicate photos, the sun appears to be setting, as the sun is setting at a different angle than in the original photos. Additionally, the arrows used on the third photo to signify the two species from the replicate photo are both pointing towards the left direction. To contrast, in the original photo the blue arrow is pointing in the right direction and the red arrow is pointing in the left direction. The text above the actual photos is identical in both figures. However the photos in the replicate figure appear to be significantly smaller in comparison to the original figure.