Antagonistic control of the heart is an important element to its function. Antagonistic control in a system is when two things do the opposite job (push or pull etc..) work together to control a system (such as the heart). Specifically, the type of antagonistic control of the heart when the sympathetic nervous system acts as an antagonist with the parasympathetic nervous system.
The criterion for the transition between ripples and upper plane bed do hold for the observations from the data. Ripples and dunes occur when the shear stress is greater than the 3*Tcr and transitions to an upper plane bed when the Froude number occurs between 0.84 and 1. The graph shows that the upper plane bed points occur past the 3*Tcr limit and are mainly grouped between the boundaries of 0.84 and 1 Froude numbers. There are some examples of an upper plane bed occurring outside of these limits, with two occurring below 0.84 and one above 1. However, these Froude number boundaries represent generalities and do not set a strict limit that always results in the proper bedform given the conditions. Given what is seen, the other bedforms typically stay where they are expected, and the upper plane bed data points are mostly within the boundary.
For larger grain sizes, more energy is going to be required to move them. This means that with increases in grain size, the Tcr and calculated Utcr will be larger values. With larger Tcr and Utcr values, ripples and dunes will not start forming for larger grain sizes until there is a larger flow velocity. The boundaries of the Froude number will remain at 0.8 and 1 in order to differentiate between bedforms, but their positioning on the graph will also change as the flow velocity U increases. An increase in that value will increase the values generated to plot the lines for when the Froude number is 1 or 0.8. Overall, a similar dispersal of the bedform types should be seen as far the relative positioning of each group juxtaposed to the corresponding Froude numbers and other bedform types. What will be different than this graph is the scale of the axes.
According to the CDC, 32 people have been infected with E. coli in 11 states between October 8 and October 31st. “The cases in the U.S and another 18 observed in Canada, indicates that the roman lettuce could be the source of the outbreak”, according to a CDC statement. The authorities informed that a person in California died because of the E. coli bacteria, this is linked to the roman lettuce and what has affected 121 people in 25 states. Now, the symptoms to watch out for because of the Escherichia coli (E. coli) live in the intestines. The majority of E. coli are harmless. However, some are dangerous that can cause severe abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhea, and vomiting. According to Mayo clinic, you can be exposed to E. coli that is in the water or with contaminated foods, especially raw vegetables and meat that is not well cooked.
The CDC has recommended not to eat roman lettuce in the U. S because of an E. coli outbreak.According to the CDC, 32 people have been infected with E. coli in 11 states between October 8 and October 31st. “The cases in the U.S and another 18 observed in Canada, indicates that the roman lettuce could be the source of the outbreak”, according to a CDC statement. The authorities informed that a person in California died because of the E. coli bacteria, this is linked to the roman lettuce and what has affected 121 people in 25 states.
The researchers did not provide a definite sample size for the number of sharks used in the experiment, which could be useful for supporting that the data is reliable. As well, the passive swimming data was collected during the surgery recovery period, which could influence the shark’s performance during the trial. Instead, the researchers could have ran the trials after giving a period of rest to the sharks. Regarding the methods employed in collecting, hook and line fishing can cause injuries in the sharks, which could cause stress and become another variable to control. Other alternative methods of fishing such as employing nets could reduce the risk of injury and no longer suppose a stress factor once the shark has been released from the net. Finally, the specimens used in the experiment were probably juveniles, since they measured between 80 and 112 cm in total body length, but adults measure around 3.2 meters. Thus, the actual kinematic data for adult mako sharks will probably vary from the results obtained in the study.
Plumage Trait: Breast Color
The breast color seemed to evolve to become yellow one time. A number of the outgroups had black or grey coloration but once the yellow color evolved it was passed down the lineage, with the only exceptions being in the eight species that evolved out of the yellow coloration later. The purpose for the coloration, as discussed in class, is to attract mates. The bright yellow color clearly was advantageous from this perspective as many of the species continue to show this trait today.
Plumage Trait: Throat Color
The throat color seemed to evolve the dominant yellow shade twice and the trait seemed to be lost at least twice as well. As far as the outgroups are concerned, the dominant yellow that appears in more derived species was never present. The reason behind the yellow coloration could have been sexual selection or a method of camouflage, but that depends on the habitat of the species.
The first step was to look for patterns among the various species of Setophaga. This included looking at pictures in the Powerpoint that we were presented with, cross referencing those pictures with other images from google images to obtain better views, and study the museum specimens. Afterwards we took note of any specific patterns that were evident in various parts of the bodies of the Setophaga. The patterns were then compiled into a list of ten characteristics that the group felt appropriately depicted the phylogenetic tree given to us at tje beginning of the activity. Once the list was formed, we then went through every picture on the PowerPoint to determine whether or not each species expressed the desired trait. There were instances where the data was collected as a numerical value, with a “1” representing that the trait was present and a “0” representing an absent trait. There were also instances where the traits present had to be identified with colors, adding more variation to the table. Four plumage traits that showed an interesting dispersal among the species were picked from the list of ten characteristics and mapped onto cladograms. The four plumage traits depicted in the cladograms are “breast color”, “throat color”, “homologous nape”, and “wing bar”.
One thing I enjoyed about this movie was being able to learn about the primitive communities that are still present in this era. I was intrigued by the ancestral ways of hunting and living. I thought it was very interesting that the San Bushmen use ostrich eggs to transport water in the desert in order to prolong their hunting adventures. It amazes me how different one's life in North America is to one who lives in a primitive community. This reveals how far along the human population has evolved and advanced into today’s society.
The first step was to look for patterns among the various species of Setophaga. This included looking at pictures in the Powerpoint that we were presented with, cross referencing those pictures with other images from google images to obtain better views, and study the museum specimen. The next step was to take note of any specific patterns that were evident in various parts of the bodies of the setophaga. The patterns were then compiled into a list of ten characteristics that the group felt appropriately depicted the phylogenetic tree that we were given. Once the list was formed, we then went through every picture on the PowerPoint to determine whether or not each species showed a trait. There were instances where the traits were collected as a numerical value, with a “1” representing that the trait was present and a “0” representing an absent trait. There were also instances where the traits present had to be identified with colors, adding more variation to the table. Four plumage traits that showed an interesting dispersal among the species were picked from the list of ten characteristics and mapped onto cladograms. The four plumage traits depicted in the cladograms are “breast color”, “throat color”, “homologous nape”, and “wing bar”.
Cells gain energy through a number of pathways that generate ATP. The first pathway in this process is called glycolysis. This process has many reactions in it, though essentially a molecule of glucose is oxidized using NAD+. The end product of glycolysis is NADH, 2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate. The pyrvate then enters the next stage, where it is transformed into Acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA formation also requires NAD+ and produces NADH and CO2. Once Acetyl-CoA is produced it may enter the krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle fully oxidizes Acetyl-CoA into CO2 an H20. This process produces a total of 8-NADH, 2-FADH2 and 2-ATP per glucose molecule. Taking into account glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation and the krebs cycle producs a total of 10-NADH, 2-FADH2 and 4-ATP. The ATP produced is of course free to be used by the cell. However, the NADH and FADH2 are used to power the electron transport chain and further ATP synthesis.
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