It was found in an observational study that women taking hormone replace therapy for treating menopause had a lower than average incidence of coronary heart disease. This belief led to an experiment in which women were randomly assigned hormone replacement therapy. But what was found in the experiment was that women randomly assigned to hormone replacement therapy actually had an increased rate of heart disease. The reason the women from the first study had a lower incidence of heart disease was because they were from a higher socioeconomic status and therefore had access to better health care.
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