cslavin's blog

If there was a new retrovrius killing domestic dogs, but we could save one pregnant mother, the breed of dog we should save is the Poodle. This becuase Poodles are both family friendly and highly intelegent - the most intelligent of all dog breeds. These dogs not only make great family pets, but they can be trained for special and specific purposes. 

Poodles make great pets because they are loyal, alert, and trainable. Poodles are hypoallergenic, which would allow people with allergies to dog hair to also be able to have a dog as a pet. They are also highly intelligent which means they could be trained easily and could be used as service dogs and support animals. They were originally bred to be hunters, which could be useful if there were ever times of food shortages.  The dogs are good swimmers and known to have soft mouths which allowed them to gently recover hunters prey. All in all, because Poodles are good family pets and could be useful to society, they are the breed of dog that should be saved if there was ever a retrovirus. 

If there was a new retrovrius killing domestic dogs, but we could save one pregnant mother. The breed of dog we should save is the Poodle. These dogas are both family friendly and highly intelegent. These dogs would make good family pets because they are loyal, alert, and trainable. Poodles are hypoallergenic, which would allow people with allergies to dog hair to also be able to have a dog as a pet. They are highly intelligent which means they could be trained easily and could be used as service dogs and support animals. They were originally bred to be hunters, which could be useful if there were ever times of food shortages. 

Carbon dioxide can diffuse into the bloods plasma or into the blood stream. 7% of it dissolves into the plasma, 23% binds to hemoglobin, and 70% becomes bicarbonate. When carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin it changes the shape of hemoglobin preventing it from binding to oxygen. When carbon dioxide in the blood stream reacts with water it forms bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ions make the blood acidic. When the blood becomes highly acidic, it can disrupt the normal functions of a cell. Therefore, an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood can be dangerous. Carbon dioxide is constantly being filtered out of the body through the lungs. 

Enzymes work to speed up the rates of reaction. This is done by lowering the activation energy, or the energy needed to reach the transitition state. Activator increased the acitivity of enzymes while inhibitors decrease the activity of enzymes. Inhibitors can be classified as reversible or irreversible. Reversible inhibitors are changes to the enzyme that are not permanet. They include: competitive, uncompetitive, mixed, and noncompetitive (which are a type of mixed). Competitive inhibitor binds to the same place as the substrate, the active site. Inhibition can be overcome at high substrate concentrations. Vmax is not effected but Km increases. Uncompetitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme-substrate complex and cannot be overcome at high substrate concentration. Vmax and Km both decrease. Mixed and noncompetitive inhibitors can bind to the enzyme or the enzyme-substrate. They decrease the Vmax and do not change the Km. Irreversible inhibitors cannot be removed from the enzyme, instead the whole protein would have to be denatured to undo the changes made. 

Most of the bodies blood is in the viens of the systemic system. The venus reserve can mobilize blood when there is vasoconstriction. When someone exercises the sympatic nervous system is activated and the viens are constricted which in turn increased the blood returned to the heart. This increased the end diastolic volume of the heart, the SV, cardiac output, and blood pressure. Blood flow is proportional to a change in pressure over resistance. The more pressure there is the greater the blood flow, and as resistance increases blood flow also increases. Resistance is proportional to 1/r^4 therefore doubling the radius of the vessel is equal to 16x more resistance. 

Innate immunity is something that everyone is born with. It consists of surface barriers and internal defenses. Surface barriers include the skin and mucous membranes. Internal defenses include phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflamation, antimicrobial protiens, and fever. Phagocytes recognize stuff that is not "self" and degrade it. Natural killer cells kill abnormal human cells. Inflamation causes the capillaries to leak which promotes another immune response. Antimirobial protiens such as the complement protein can bind antibodies attached to a pathogen and make a hole in the bacteria which disrupts homeostasis and kills the bacteria. Fevers increase metabolic activity which produces heat and stimulates an immune response. Adaptive immunity is not something you are born with. Lymphocytes begin in the red bone marrow. They mature into B cells in the red bone marrow, but they travel to the thyroid to mature into Tcells. B cells secrete antibodies, which are formed from past invasions of pathogens. T cells are comprised of T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells which kill our own cells once they are infected. The B and T cells are activated only when they come into contact with the antigen that matches their antibody. 

There is a chip that was created by biotechnology researchers of InSilixa that can identify microbes from cheek swabs or blood samples in merely a couple of hours. This chip was able to make these identifications by sequencing genomes in five differenent chemical procedures and matching them to known pathogens. The chip was also successful in identifying mutations in seven antibiotic resistance pathogen sequences and was able to identify 54 mutations in tuberculosis that caused antibiotic resistance. This can help physians and medical providers identify and diagnose known pathogens in little time. 

Enzymes work to speed up the rate of reactions. They do so by lowering the activation energy, or the energy needed to reach the transitition state. Activator and inhibitors can increase or decrease the activity of enzymes. Inhibitors decrease the activity of enzymes. They can be classified as reversible or irreversible. Reversible inhibitors are not permanent changes to the enzyme. They include: competitive, uncompetitive, mixed, and noncompetitive (which are a type of mixed). Competitive inhibitor binds to the same place as the substrate, or the active site. Inhibition can be overcome at high substrate concentrations. Vmax is not effected but Km increases. Uncompetitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme-substrate complex and cannot be overcome at high substrate concentration. Vmax and Km decrease. Mixed and noncompetitive inhibitors can bind to the enzyme or the enzyme-substrate. They decrease the Vmax and do not change the Km. Irreversible inhibitors cannot be removed from the enzyme, instead the whole protein would have to be denatured. 

Fish use body undulations to swim, which create water movement with great acceleration behind the fish. The form of this wave is similar among most fish, however waves vary in number, speed, and amplitude change. There is little known about how the center of mass (COM) of fish changes with swimming speed. However, it is known that the COM can change in three dimensions: surge, sway, and heave. The COM of three fish were calculated. Surge COM displacement and acceleration in eels and bluegill sunfish oscillated at twice the tail beat frequency, while the sway COM displacement and acceleration oscillated at the tail beat frequency. Surge COM oscillations did not change with swimming speed, while sway oscillations increased with increasing swimming speed. Sway amplitudes increased with increased swimming speed in bluegill sunfish, but the same was not true for the eels. 

I took statistics freshmen year, so it has been three years. I do not remember much, but I do remember doing probabilities, means, medians, range, standard deviations, and standard error. I know probability has to do with the odds of somethig occuring. I remember there were different ways to caculate the probabilities based off of what the question was asking. I also remember looking at sets of numbers and calculating the mean and determining the range and median of the given values. I also remember finding standard deviation and standard errors. I remember that you have to use standard error to caclulate standard deviation. I also do not specifically remember the equation for standard deviation, but I remember it being long. I also remember that the standard deviation tells how far off a number is from the mean (I think I'm not positive).