angelinamart's blog

Bones in birds are hollow structure to minimize the weight. In the cross section, it can be seen how dense the bone is. The same goes for the mouth, instead of having a jaw with teeth, birds have teethless bills. The evolution of birds from reptile has always aimed one goal: flight. The muscle structure of birds are robust and flexible to let the wing generate energy to fly. The triangular system of strut is a structure that prevents chest bones from crushing during flight. Wings are what is known as forelimbs for mammals and birds do have fingers too. However most bone structures found in other organisms are fused in birds. Birds rely more on the muscle and the tendons to support their body to control fine flight adjustments.

Canis latrans, Canis lupus, and Canis lupus familiaris are different species. According to the article, Yes, eastern coyotes are hybrids, but the ‘coywolf’ is not a thing, by Roland Kays says that Canis latrans are hybrid species composed with three different genetic swapping between three types of Canis, each type of them have a separate ratio of how much each gene it is composed of. The article writes that the three species are biologically possible to interbreed with one another but preferably not to mate with each other. I think this is the vital part which supports that these species are no longer the same because within a population, species will not have an urge to kill one another within the group. However, the fact that these three species will exhibit enmity is a strong evidence that they are separate.

Bird bones are air-filled structure to minimize the weight. In the cross section, it can be seen how hollow the bone is. The same goes for the mouth, instead of having a jaw with teeth, birds have teethless light bills. Everything birds evolved from reptile is to achieve the goal of flight. The muscle of birds are robust and flexible to let the wing generate energy to fly. The triangular system of strut is a structure that prevents chest bones from crushing during flight’s enormous pressure. Wings are what is known as forelimbs and birds do have fingers too. However most bone structures found in other organisms are fused in birds. Birds rely more on the muscle and the tendons to support their body to control fine flight adjustments.

Birds must overcome gravity and drag to be able to life itself in the air. Lift is the upward force and thrust is the forward force that can be produced by the bird itself. When the lift and thrust is equal and opposite to gravity and the weight, the bird can finally fly in the air. The wing of the bird allow the forward thrust movement. Everytime the wing flaps it produces force to move forward. Once the bird is in the air, airfoils are produced . The bird wing creates the air flow through airstream then circulate the air and brings its body up. The orientation of the wing is essential to keep the balance for the body and fight against the drag. Wing tips of birds have slots where it can adjust the air turbulence.  It makes the body either horizontal or vertical in the air to provide lift and slow speed at the same time. The slot and the adjustment of air is vital for birds when the bird has to take off or land on the ground. The modern aircrafts also resemble these slots for a more stable flight.

Flight is an adaptation taken by Class of Aves. They are the only Class that can fly and the latest aircrafts cannot beat the accuracy of bird flight. Flying is done in several steps to be completed and every flight step requires the bird to know how to adjust their wings against the wind and gravity. The acute sensory system is vital in flight to detect the smallest changes to maintain balance in the air. Chapter five covers the principles of aerodynamics and how they differ among different types of flight strategies.

Candida albicans are fungal pathogens that infect humans. It grows in various forms either in a yeast form or a pseudohypae form. The change in conformation of Candida albicans is based on what cell type it originally is. The bacteria can be unicellular, or multicellular to determine the fate of shape. Candida albicans are harmless in general, but can lead to diseases when they over grow. Candida albicans are found mostly in patients with HIV, transplant recipients, and chemotherapy patients. The morphology of Candida albicans depend on the environment they are placed. Temperature, pH, salt concentration are all factors that potentially influence the appearance of Candida albicans. Through a method called transition, Candida albicans change their morphology. Unlike Eukaryotic cell, where gene regulation is the key factor of determinate cell, bacterial cells have a high plasticity to the environment they are in.

The lab, "Restriction Enzyme Digestion of DNA" was done to observe how restriction enzymes function in DNA.
Different restriction enzymes were used to compare the difference in the DNA. The
method of gel electrophoresis was used; however, the data did not appear properly
because the bans on the gel did not appear. There was no observable evidence that could support
that different restriction enzymes create different typr of DNA fragments.

I labeled two tubes as one (-) serum, and another as (+) serum. I pipetted 25µl of Candida albican culture in both test tubes. Then I transferred 5µl, 10µl, 25µl, or 50µl of mouse serum into the (+) labelled tube. To create a total of five tubes. I observed the sample under the microscope, then placed into a 37℃ incubator. I set the test tubes in the incubator for 2-3 hours, then observed under the microscope again to see the transition of cells.

Candida albicans are fungal pathogens that can be infected in humans. It can grow in various forms either a yeast form, which is unicellular or pseudohyphae form. Candida albicans are harmless in general, but can lead to diseases when they over grow. The Candida albicans are found mostly in patients with HIV, transplant recipients, and chemotherapy patients. The morphology of Candida albicans depends on the environment they are placed. Temperature, pH, salt concentration are all factors that determines the appearance of Candida albicans. Through a method called transition, Candida albicans can easily change their morphology. Unlike eukaryotic cell’s gene regulation, in bacterial cells the environment can easily manipulate the gene they are in.

The day and time the photos were taken can be said to be the same. The lighting is similar to one another. However, panel A is more zoomed in the picture than panel a. The stem and the grass patch can be seen in panel a, where the distance the photographer was standing was different. The orientation and lighting look quite the same, but it is a little brighter in A than a.

            For panel b and c. The lighting is the same. The zoom, the adjusting of scale is different causing panel B, and C only showing the parking lot and the building, where panel b, and c show the tree patch and the components panel B, and C are presenting. In panel b, and c, there also is a scale bar at the top right corner which in Panel B, and C it is invisible.

            The quality of photos, color, and the size as on big panel match between both panels. The lack of instruction in where the photographer took the photograph made the replicator not able to have the correct zoom to the tree, nor the map. Also if the photographer has instructed how to change the ratio of each photo  to create the one big panel, there would be no difference in each panel size.