kheredia's blog

Autopolyploidy occurs when there are additional sets of chromosomes in a cell. The chromosomes in the parent individual with 3 sets of homologous chromosomes (2n=6) go through a meiotic error which results in an unreduced gamete with 6 chromosomes (rather than 3) that self fertilize and create a tetraploid zygote. However, the polyploid offspring is unable to reproduce sexually. Normally, the 2n offspring would mate with another 2n offspring. Then the 1n gametes produced combine with the other and produces another 2n offspring in the parent generation. However, what reproductively isolates this example from its diploid parent species is the fact that through the meiotic error, 4n cells in the the adult occurs.

They are then unable to produce fertile offspring with the parent species. When the 3n offspring results, (or any uneven numbered offspring), mitosis would work just fine because the homologous chromosomes don’t have to match up, BUT, meiosis is faltered because the 3n offspring trying to produce gametes through this genetic mechanism will fail because the cell will not be able to divide. The result is impaired meiosis of unpaired chromosomes. This is a postzygotic isolating barrier. 

At rest, the blood flow to the Gi Tract (kidney) is high, in skeletal muscle it’s low. Once we begin to exercise and contract our muscles, there is an increase in metabolic activity which causes dilation. This leads to TPR (total peripheral resistance) dropping, and thus blood pressure drops. This is sensed by baroreceptors and chemoreceptors and they increase levels of CO2 and H+. The sympathetic nervous system reacts by increasing Heart rate, stroke volume, and TPR. The mean arterial pressure also increases. More blood flows to the skeletal muscle and less goes to the abdominal organs. The skeletal muscle has high flow because local dilators are stronger than central constrictors. The reason for low flow in the kidneys is because central constrictors increase resistance there because we need blood flow to our muscles to exercise.

Most people believe that coding is difficult, and those people are right. However; the most important thing you need to know about coding is that you can enjoy doing it. Often, others think coding is only fun for people who love computers, but the reality is coding can be applied to so many hobbies, projects, and careers. Not only that, but coding gives you the freedom to build whatever software you would like, so if you ever wanted to create your own website or service, it is possible through coding. Learning to code has never been easier as more resources become available and free to use. Getting started, beginners usually are guided to create puzzles and games centered around key ideas/concepts of the programming world to learn more about it. If I wish to create, there is an endless amount of knowledge on the internet that is free and readily available to help steer anyone to become proficient at what they desire.

Group think is a type of thinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned. This involves different types of group behaviors under this umbrella. For example, group polarization is the strengthening of shared beliefs. People who discuss shared views will come to believe in them more strongly-this can be positive or negative (ex. if the beliefs involve violence)
Groups tend to do things that individuals wouldn't usually do. Other types of group behavior include deindividualization or a lack of individual responsibility that comes from being in a crowd. This is sometimes referred to as Mob Mentality.

Compliance is the changing of ones behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change. There are ways to gain compliance like the “in the door technique.” This is the act of asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment. People are more likely to say yes to something bigger if you say yes to something small first.

When standing, because of gravity, blood pools at the feet due to the generation of hydrostatic pressure. Thus, blood does not return to the heart as quickly. End diastolic volume decreases (EDV). If this decreases, then cardiac output decreases because Q = HR * SV (EDV-ESV). Blood pressure also drops because (BP = Q * TPR). This leads to less flow because flow is proportional to a change in pressure / resistance - decreased flow to brain. As a result the pressure is higher in the heart. All these events decrease O2 (oxygen) delivery to brain. This is why we pass out because of lack of oxygen in the brain. We c prevent fainting by using our skeletal muscle pump (by wiggling toes, bending knees slightly, etc.). This skeletal muscle pump will generate more pressure and restore our end diastolic volume and reverse the effects.

For a 60 years, scientists have deduced that medical therapy is not a generalized treatment. This is due to the widspread side effects in patients who undergo therapy, with treatment rarely ending in success. Undoubtedly, there was much to be discovered about the relationship between host genetics and response to treatment for diseases. However, it is this drawback that has lead to modern day’s focus on Personalized medicine (PM). Disease therapies are now fine-tuned and specialized, reducing the rate of failure to almost zero. Though this medical model is not necessarily new, technological and computational advances have allowed PM to increasingly gain attention within the last decade. Current research on personalized medicine has created opportunities for both the patient and healthcare providers in the pharmaceutical sector.

To add, the PM approach costs less, and is more efficient than the traditional medical care process. This is because of its ability to individualize, creating more space for the budget by reducing the large amounts spent on Clinical trials (CT) traditionalluy used with other techniques. PM focuses on the DNA of the patient to treat disease. There are new advances which will gain public’s understanding of the human body and expand the market. Scientists have been researching our genome and focusing on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) through the development of genetic analysis tests. These tests, or genetic kits made available to the public, are in the first stages of many.

Over 60 years ago, scientists had began speculating that medical therapy should not be considered a generalized treatment. Too often would patients respond with varying side effects, with treatment rarely ending in widespread success. Undoubtedly, there was still much to be discovered about the relationship between host genetics and response to treatment for diseases. However, it is this drawback that has lead to modern day’s massive limelight on Personalized medicine (PM). Disease therapies can now be fine-tuned at the patient level, reducing the rate of failure to virtually zero. Though this medical model is not necessarily new, technological and computational advances have allowed PM to rapidly gain attention within the last decade. Current research on personalized medicine has opened a plethora of possibilities for both the patient and for healthcare providers in the pharmaceutical sector.

Additionally, the PM approach is cheaper and more efficient than the traditional medical care process because of its individualization, and can create more space for the budget by reducing the large amounts spent on Clinical trials (CT). At the core of PM’s ideology is the individual, represented by their DNA. There are new advances which will revolutionize the public’s understanding of the human body and expand the market. Scientists have been researching the genome and focusing on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): the gateway to good health and longevity, through the development of genetic analysis tests. Though genetic kits are still in the first stages of infancy, the possibilities are endless.

T cells are synthesized in the red bone marrow of the body. When a T cell receptor is created, it has the potential to differentiate into a helper T cell or a Cytotoxic T cell. Helper T cells help carry out interactions involving pathogens and cytotoxic T cells kill the pathogens. If the T cell receptor becomes a cytotoxic T cell, it will carry a CD8 protein which recognizes class I MHC cells.  Once the T cell divides to become cytotoxic T cells , they run around in the periphery and kill our own abnormal cells. If the T cell differentiates to become a Helper T, they will carry CD4 proteins and recognize class II MHC's. Upon activation they divide and produce memory cells. They also regulate and coordinate an immune response. In addition, the T-helper cell activates / turns on the B cell. B cell divides and as a result we get lots of other cells. Plasma cells that secrete antibodies. T cell helps turn on the B cell which helps make antibodies and memory cells. 

A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components. It is able to moderate the pH of a reaction.

A mixture of a conjugate acid-base pair that can resist changes in pH when small volumes of strong acids or bases are added. Buffers are made of a

weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and a conjugate strong acid. In a strong base and weak acid micture, the strong base is added,

and the acid present in the buffer neutralizes the hydroxide ions (OH-). Hydroxide is what makes it more basic. In a mixture with a strong acid and a

weak base, a strong acid is added, and the base present in the buffer neutralizes the hydronium ions (H30+). Hydronium ions make the solution

more acidic (acid H+ or H3O+ workup).