Drafts

The nuclear envelope in eukaryotic cells has an extremely important job: organizing and protecting the genetic material of a cell while allowing it to be manipulated as needed to allow for proper life sustaining functions. Most people learn about the nucleus of a cell in their first basic biology course in middle school, yet the actual functions of the nucleus are often obscured and simplified beyond the truth. The nuclear membrane consists of thousands of proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer that act as pores for enzymes, transcription factors, and other signaling molecules to pass through. The nuclear envelope itself has a significant involvedment in the cellular cytoskeleton as the location and movement of the nucleus is highly regulated. Nuclear lamina are the intermediate filaments proteins around the nuclear membrane. The lamina has two types of proteins that do not co-localize. Type A is associated with the nuclear pore protein complexes specifically and type B is restricted to the organizing fibers, and is constitutivly expressed and can always be detected in nuclei (Xie).

Xie W, Burke B. Nuclear networking. Nucleus. 2017;8(4):323–330. doi:10.1080/19491034.2017.1296616

Modes of inhertiance can vary greatly depending on what gene is being expressed.  In sex influenced traits, autosomal traits are influeced by the sex of the individual.  For example, in the gene that leads to baldness, it is dominatnt in men.  This means if they have the big "P" they are going to have the trait for baldness.  In females, the trait is recessive.  This means it is much less likely for the female to exibit the trait.  They would need to big "P"s to exhibit the trait.  Although the trait is not coded on the sex chromosomes, Y and X, it is influenced by the traits expressed.  Due to the difference in inhertitance, there is a probability a man would exhibit the trait is larger than a female exhibiting the trait.

Jasmonic acid is a hormone produced in plants that is made as a defensive response to necrotrophic pathogens, or pathogens that kill the host plant. It also stimulates an induction of anti-herbviroy responses. The anti-herbivory chemicals can only be produced in the presence of a wound, so after an insect or animal starts eating. Jasmonic acid is transported through plant vasculature, but it can also act locally, meaning that where the wound is will also produce anti-herbivory chemicals. Perception of JA is through the COI1 receptor, which is located inside the cell. Jasomic acid also stimulates the production of volatile signaling compunds, which can the prime other tissues and plants for attack by making them unpalatable, or bad-tasting. These volatiles are recognized by the insect or animal that eats them and turns them away from consuming the plant.

Proteins that will be sent to the nucleus must have a nuclear localization sequence, found anywhere in the primary structure, to go there. Importin binds to the NLS on the cargo protein, and enters the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex. Once inside Ran-GEF switches out a GDP molecule for GTP, and this complex binds to importin, stimulating the release of the cargo protein inside the nucleus. The importin-Ran complex then leaves the cell, and GAP helps hdrolyze the GTP back into GDP. This stimulates teh release of importin so the cycle can then start over with a new cargo protein. The protein that entered the nucleus cannot now leave the nucleus unless it contains a nuclear export signal as well.

When I was younger, I had two guinea pigs: Sugar and Cinnamon. Sugar was albino, with red eyes and white hair, while cinnamon was light brown withw hite spots. The two of them were sisters. Guinea pigs are not hard to care for, generally, and require fairly little maintenance. If bedding is used in the cage, it must be cleaned out and changed every few days to allow the guinea pigs a clean place to live. Their water must also be replaced at least once a day, and be put in the cage at an accessible height. Guinea pigs are herbivores, meaning they eat plants. My guinea pigs enjoyed lettuce, carrots, and spinach, but if I put them outside they would be satisfied just eating grass! Because Sugar and Cinnamon were long haired guinea pigs, they required baths once a week. These were difficult because they had to be done in the sink, and they both hated them. The pigs would squeal and squeal until the were released, and they had to be completely dried off before bing put in the cage or else bedding would get stuck in their hair!

The statement is “Biodiversity offsetting is when losses to biodiversity in one place are compensated for by creating "equivalent gains" in another.” The persuasive statement is written in one paragraph. This statement uses different forms of ethos as it has pieces of credibility that appeal to audience based on the speakers authority. The logos can be observed as there are examples in the statement that appeal to reason. There is not any examples of pathos as this statement is not appealing to the emotions of the audience.

We will align the grid along the same line as the pushpin and repeat this step moving upwards until we reach the 1 meter push pin mark. We will count the amount of lichen in the grid. The grid has 100 squares and we will count how many times the certain lichen appear in those squares. The data will be recorded in this order, (Tree 1: Sugar Maple, Lichen: crustose 20/100, foliose 50/100, fruticose 10/100). Once each tree is identified with lichen and all of the data is recorded, we will remove the flags from the plot. This process will be repeated in the southwest forrest area. All of the data will then be recorded in an excel spreadsheet and saved for later analysis. 

Flags will be placed at these points to outline the area of the plot. When the plot is identified, we will record how many trees are in the area. Shrubs will not be included in this recording, a shrub will have a diameter of less than 10 inches and a height of less than a meter. A list of tree types will be provided with images to aid in identification. The trees will be identified and recorded on the sheet provided. After tree identification, we will then measure out 1 meter from the ground each tree on the north facing side of the tree. The north facing side can be identified using the compass. A push pin will be placed at the top of the measured out 1 meter height.

Before we begin, there are tools that we will be needing. These tools include; 2 measuring tapes, plastic flags, a clipboard with a piece of paper, a pencil, a compass and a metal grid and push pins. These tools can be collected from the ecology department at UMASS. After collecting all of the tools, the experiment can begin. There are two sites that will be used to collect the data. The first location will be in the woods behind Orchard Hill dormitories. The other location will be in the woods behind Southwest dormitories. A map is provided below with the exact locations of these woods.In addition, we will use photos of specific trees and lichen to aid in identification. We will pick a location in these woods and measure out a 4 x 4 meter plot . This plot will be measured using the measuring tape.

In the early, mythic years of Rome, the military seemed intrinsically linked to Romulus and as the mythological leader, he set the tone for future evolution. Romulus supposedly tied the defense of the city to the population that established it. Romulus recruited the population of Rome by offering asylum and “a promiscuous young crowd of freemen and slaves eager for change, fled thither from the neighboring states” to join Rome (Livy 125). The influx of young, motivated men helped not only build the city, but supplied the basis of an informal military. Even though these individuals came from all different states and backgrounds, these men made up a Roman State that was “so strong that was a match for any of its neighbors in war” (Livy 125). The mythical establishment of a militia style military seemed to reflect the characteristics that Romans of the Republic desired their military to embody. This includes the characteristic of the initial Roman military being accepting of those who were willing to fight for the city. Romans of the Republic looked back and established this fable in order to reflect the ideals they hope to aspire in the contemporary military institution.