In the study, the limited sample size decreases the accuracy of the study. Based on the information given, Ulmus americana are the most susceptible to leaf miner infection and have the greatest chance of the leaf miner surviving within the leaf. From the phylogeny of Ulmus, it is expected that Ulmus americana would have the greatest deviation from the other two species. While the Ulmus parvifolia and Ulmus carpinifolia had a varying leaf miner presence, they had a relatively similar crude death rate indicating a similarity between the trees which could be explained by their phylogenetic relationship.
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