In-class Exercise

Introduction

1. Leafminer Liriomyza trifolii is a damaging pest
   
   1. Low damage crops helped by insecticide for leafminer control (Cox et al. 1995)
   2. Overuse of insecticides cause resistance in L. trifolli. (Leibee 1981, Parrella and Keil 1984)
   3. Cyromazine and abamectin both successful for leafminer control (Trigard)
   4. One case of L. trifolli being resistant to Cyromazine in 1990 Florida (G. L. Leibee and J.S.F., unpublished data)
   5. Unstable resistance and no cross resistance of cyromazine and abamectin
   6. 1991 survey said cyromazine resistance only affects celery in one location (G. L. Leibee and J.S.F., unpublished data)
   7. No published reports of abamectin and cyromazine resistance on leafminers
2. Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association gathers scientists, commercial growers, and the agricultural chemical industry to try to make a leafminer resistance program
   
   1.  

Stigmella multispicata Rociene. & Stonis, an Asian leafminer on Siberian elm, now widespread in eastern North America (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae)

Introduction

Topic: Increased invasive insect populations in the US

• originate from Europe and Asia
  • Mattson W, Vanhanen H, Veteli T, Sivonen S, Niemelä P (2007) Few immigrant phytophagous insects on woody plants in Europe: legacy of the European crucible? Biological Invasions 9: 957–974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-007-9096-y
• Leaf consuming insect species 310 from Europe and 77 from Asia in 2007 (Mattson et al. 2007)
• Increased global travel/transport of goods are the cause  growing number of established alien  species (Work et al. 2005)
  • Work TT, McCullough DG, Cavey JF, Komsa R (2005) Arrival rate of nonindigenous insect species into the United States through foreign trade. Biological Invasions 7: 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-004-1663-x
• Not as many Lepodatra as other species (Pohl et al, 2018)
  • Pohl GR, Landry J-F, Schmidt BC, Lafontaine JD, Macaulay AD, Nieukerken EJ van, DeWaard JR, Dombroskie JJ, Klymko J, Nazari V, Stead K (2018) Annotated checklist of the moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Canada and Alaska. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Series Faunistica 118, 1–580. https://ebooks.pensoft.net/book/13218/annotated-checklist-of-the-moths-and-butterflies-lepidoptera-of-canada-and-alaska
• DNA barcoding enabled better tracking of these porly studied groups (Landry et al. 2013)
  • Landry J-F, Nazari V, DeWaard JR, Mutanen M, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Huemer P, Hebert PDN (2013) Shared but overlooked: 30 species of Holarctic Microlepidoptera revealed by DNA barcodes and morphology. Zootaxa 3749. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3749.1.1.​

Concluding statment: Report about insect from asia that was ID through DNA barcoding

Topic: James Vargo found UK species of Stigmella in Indiana USA

• Material sent to DNA specialist who did not recognize the moths as being native to the US
• Another specimen from Missisippi UNK

Conclusion: DNA barcoding matched these with a leafminer from Beijing China

(Final Paragraph) Redescribe S. multispicata and compare to Europian S. ulmivora  and North Americain species of Nepticulidae feeding on Ulmus.

Conclusion: Discuss probility coming from Asia to North America

OUTLINE FOR GENTAMICIN AND VANCOMYCIN INTERFERENCE…..

Introduction

    Interference in medical tests

        some type of interference exists.

            Yadav S, Sanjaya KC Interference of drugs on clinical 

chemistry—shall we start thinking? 

        Analytical interference defined.

    Nikolac N. Ispitivanje interferencija. In: Simundic AM, ed. Upravljanje 

kvalitetom laboratorijskog rada. Zagreb, Croatia: Medicinska naklada; 

2013:51– 64. 3. 

Dodig S. Interferences in quantitative immunochemical methods. Biochem 

Med. 2009;19(1):50–62.

Incorrect test results.

     Lippi G, Becan-McBride K, Beh´ulova´ D, et al. Preanalytical quality 

improvement: in quality we trust. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2013;51(1):229–241. 

Kailajarci M, Takala T, Gr ¨ onroos P, et al. Reminders of drug effects on ¨ 

laboratory test results. Clin Chem. 2000;46(9):1395–1400. 

Nikolac N, Simundic AM, Miksa M, et al. Heterogeneity of manufacturers’ declarations for lipemia interference—an urgent call for standardization. 

Clin Chem Acta. 2013;426(1):33–40.

Also, the knowledge of laboratory staff and clinicians about possible drug interferences is often overlooked or unknown.

     Sonntag O. Quality in the analytical phase. Biochem Med. 

2010;20(2):147– 153.

Classification of interferences

Interferences are classified as endogenous or exogenous. 

No sources

An endogenous interference originates from the substance found naturally in the 

patient’s sample, like bilirubin, hemoglobin, glucose, antibodies, or proteins,

2,8–12

with hemolysis, icterus, and lipemia as the most common interferences.

13

 An exogenous interference results from substances not naturally found in a patient’s 

specimen, like drugs, their metabolites and additives, herbal products, or other 

Toxins.

2,8–11 

Interference effect depends on the concentration of an interfering substance, but not necessarily in a proportional way.

3,14

    Interference mechanisms

Drugs can interfere with laboratory measurements via several mechanisms. 

No ref

Biological interferences occur when a drug activates one of the mechanisms, like 

induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes, enzyme inhibition, or drug 

displacement from protein-binding site. 

    No ref

However, these changes reflect a true state in the human body and thus are not 

considered analytical errors. Analytical (or chemical) interference is present when 

a drug causes falsely decreased or increased results of laboratory parameters. 

    No Ref

Mechanisms of interference often include structural similarity of the drug to the 

tested analyte, drug inhibition of the reaction used in the analyte measurement, 

or changes in the structural integrity of the matrix (ie, viscosity or turbidity).

    No Ref

 However, these effects can often go unrecognized in the laboratory because of 

the lack of relevant information about patient drug therapy or unavailability of 

methods for drug concentration measurement.

Kroll HM, Elin JR. Interference with clinical laboratory analytes. Clin Chem. 1994;40(11):1996–2005. 16. 

Forman TD, Young SD. Drug interference in laboratory testing. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1976;6(3):263–271. 17. 

Benet LZ, Sheiner LB. Pharmacokinetics: The Dynamics of Drug Absorption, Distribution and Elimination. New York, NY: Macmillan; 1985:13– 22. 18. 

Caraway WT, Kammeyer CW. Chemical interference of drugs and other substances with clinical laboratory test procedures. Clin Chim Acta. 1972;41(1): 395–434. 19. Kroll MH, Ruddel KW, Blank DW. A model for assessing interference. Clin Chem. 1987;33(7):1121–1123.

        Seems these references cover the whole paragraph    

Last Paragraph

    Introduce objects of interest

    Introduce function of objects

    Concern

        . Review of vancomycin-induced renal toxicity: an update

Factors impacting unbound vancomycin concentrations in different patient 

populations

    Hypothesis

        We hypothesized that high drug concentrations might affect results of clinical 

chemistry tests.

Aims

Introduction

1. Kenyan horticultural industry faced new pests being Liriomyza huidobrensis (leaf miners) hurting the economic importance. The paper outlines the farmers' awareness of the pests and diffuculties facing and controlling them.

          a. Questionnaire survey showed that snow pea farmers in kenya rely on pesticides for control of suck insects. (Weinberger and Lumpkin, 2007, Ekesi, 2010)

          b. Snow pea farmers signed contracts with exporters abd whose production practices with GlobalGAP to contraol them using more stratergies.

          c. The findings imply that pest status of Liriomyza leafminers is liely to increase and snow pea production will decrease in central areas of Kenya.

This all can be prevented if they use a intergrated leafminer management strategy and farmers are educated on methods of identifying them in their early stages of attack and use of appropriate chemicals and methods. Although, this is leading to the effect on business.

2. A new threat of invasion with pests are affecting the fresh produce export business. Slowly they are affecting the vegetable production and fresh produce export businesses due to the amount of pests around Kenya.

          a. Three species are attacking a variety of crops of commercial value including snow peas. (HDCA, 2009)

          b. The study is then focused on the small scale farmenrs growing snow peas for export at the market where they have devolped control strategies against leafminer pests however, must be in compliancewith the pesticide that as restrictions from GlobalGAP.

         c. The present study examines the current level of Liriomyza leafminers awareness and control strategies being employed by Kenyan snow pea farmers against the pests.

The objectives of this study is to analyze farmers awareness about Liriomyza leafminer infesations and assess their current status at the farm level to analyze leafminer control stratgies used by snow peas farmers and examine factors affecting the choice of control statergie in snow peas production systems.

All small animals that have hard skin and six legs get bigger by getting rid of their old skin and making a new skin hard. Young of these animals just have parts for feeding and growing, but older animals need parts for having sex and making babies -- and sometimes don't need parts for feeding any more.  

Some animals grow up by changing little by little but others change themselves completely at one point. When this happens, almost all of their inside parts actually die and a whole new animal grows again from just a few tiny bits of their inside parts. When the parts die the stuff they were made out of is used by the parts still alive to grow all of the new inside parts.

Often the new animal looks very different from its young form and may have body parts like wings and sex parts that the younger form didn't have. Often these new animals don't live very long -- just long enough to have sex and then lay eggs or have babies -- and then die.

Mantis Shrimp

https://theoatmeal.com/comics/mantis_shrimp

18 science ideas explained 

http://mentalfloss.com/article/48793/18-complicated-scientific-ideas-explained-simply

Rocket Science for Kids

https://www.universetoday.com/118059/spacexs-rocket-explained-so-simply-a-kid-could-understand/

What If

https://what-if.xkcd.com/152/
URL

I feel as if an Alaskan Malamute should be saved if there were a virus going on that is killing all dog breeds. I choose this breed because affectionate, devoted, dignified, loyal, playfiul and friendly. It features a powerful, sturdy body built for stamina ans strength. These dogs are sensitive and need open space. They are high energy dogs and therefore require vigiorous exercise. They love definitely a cooler climate. I would pick this dog because I feel I would an intelligent and loving companionfor life. These dogs haave a good adaptability they also posess tremedous strength, energy, endurance, and independance. Since alaskan malamutes look like wolves so it might scare an intruder off and they will protect you to any defense. Malamutes are very healthy dogs. They are also patient with children and love attention. They are quieter than most dogs but they tend to howl.

If the world was going to lose all of its domestic dogs except for one breed I would choose the closest decendant to the wolf. There is no concrete answer on the closest single breed but the general consensus from the internet would be a breed from the Spitz Dog family which originated in the Arctic Circle and were known to have bred directly with some types of wolves. You would want a close descendant from the wolf because that is originally how all domesticated dogs were even created. So by starting at the top of the genetic chain again you would eventually be able to create every domesticated dog breed over again. On the flip side if you started with a dog that was already a lot closer to the bottom of the genetic pool you wouldn't get as much of a variation of breeds that the world has now. Picking any of the Spitz breeds would be a good choice to carry on the domestication of dogs but to pick one specifically I would go with the Akita Inu from the Spitz family. They are a medium sized dog that can be extremely loyal and protective as well as being able to assist hunting trips for survival. The Akita Inu is a top choice because they are a strong dog with minimal genetic problems that could cause issue in restarting the dog population.

     The dog that is the most logical to save is the labrador retriever. Labrador retrievers make excellent service and hunting dogs. (AKC website) They are able to do search and rescue as well as drug and bomb detection. Even if they were the last breed left on Earth, handicapped people could still have help getting their needs met. Police officers would still be able to deploy them to find drugs and explosives and it would make the world a safer place. Labrador retrievers are also great family and companion dogs. Little children could still have their furry friends. It would be tragic to lose other dog breeds but saving the lab would make it a little less catastrophic.